Study Guide Answers To Micro Ch 12, 13, 14, 15

Front 1

which ig is expressed first

Back 1

IgM

Front 2

which region of antibodies is different?

Back 2

constant

Front 3

these are also called immune receptors

Back 3

b cell antigen receptors

Front 4

incomplete antigens that can become good/whole if they attach to a carrier protein

Back 4

haptens

Front 5

these antigens dissolve body fluids

Back 5

soluble

Front 6

venom, plant extract, food molecules are examples of which kind of antigen

Back 6

soluble

Front 7

cell parts like pili, flagella, pollen spores are examples of which type of antigen

Back 7

particulate

Front 8

bacterial cells, protozoans, worms, transplant cells and cancer cells are examples of which type of antigen

Back 8

whole intact

Front 9

the part of antigens recognized by immune system

Back 9

epitope

Front 10

these types of tcells regulate immune reactions, active macrophages, improve opsonization

Back 10

helper t cells

Front 11

this ig helps control worms

Back 11

IgE

Front 12

this ig crosses the placenta, found in mucus, milk, sweat, saliva

Back 12

IgA

Front 13

this ig is the most predominant in numbers

Back 13

IgG

Front 14

this ig protects newborns from GI infections

Back 14

IgA

Front 15

this ig is the secretory antibody

Back 15

IgA

Front 16

dimer ig

Back 16

IgA

Front 17

pentamer ig

Back 17

IgM

Front 18

monomer *hint: 3

Back 18

IgD, IgG, IgE

Front 19

this ig is expressed first

Back 19

IgM

Front 20

switching from making IgM to another ig that keeps same variable site so entire body is covered

Back 20

class switching

Front 21

immunological memory

Back 21

primary response sends attack, develops t and b cells; secondary response remembers the pathogen from before and attacks tremendously

Front 22

MCHII presents to

Back 22

t4 lymphocytes (CD4)

Front 23

MCHI presents to

Back 23

t8 lymphocytes (CD8)

Front 24

MCHII is found only on

Back 24

macrophages, dendritic cells and b cells (apc's)

Front 25

antigen presentation steps

Back 25

apc loads epitope on MHCII presents to CD4, interleukins from Thelper sent to APC; divides into antibody-making plasma cells and memory cells

Front 26

antibodies cover the

Back 26

viral particle and neutralize it so it can't enter host cell; opsonize by adding atbys to it; easier for macro to engulf and activate complement system

Front 27

APC

Back 27

dendritic, macro, b cells

Front 28

where do apcs hang out

Back 28

in extracellular tissue

Front 29

apcs must wait for this before mounting immune response (their 'permission')

Back 29

interleukins

Front 30

deletion of self-receptor lymphocytes so we won't attack them with antibodies is called

Back 30

clonal deletion

Front 31

antibodies that we made

Back 31

active immunity

Front 32

we received these antibodies

Back 32

passive immunity

Front 33

this immunity comes from daily life infection

Back 33

natural active

Front 34

this immunity comes from vaccination

Back 34

atificial active

Front 35

this immunity comes from mother to fetus and via breastmilk

Back 35

natural passive

Front 36

this immunity comes from administration to prevent/treat infection (like cancer pts receiving antibodies via injection)

Back 36

artificial passive

Front 37

one way antibodies function (n)

Back 37

neutralize toxins by binding to them

Front 38

one way antibodies function (o)

Back 38

opsonization, aiding in phagocytosis (ketchup on fries)

Front 39

one way antibodies function (a)

Back 39

activate complement

Front 40

one way antibodies function (ag)

Back 40

agglutination, clumping antigens together

Front 41

this immunity involves production of Cytotoxic t cells, activated macrophages, cytokines in response to an antigen and mediated by t cells

Back 41

cell-mediated immunity

Front 42

this immunity involves antibody molecule production in response to an antigen, mediated by b cells

Back 42

humoral immunity

Front 43

apc activation-viral response (all nucleated cells)

Back 43

proteins load onto MHCI, present to cytotoxic t cell CD8; porforins released to poke holes in infected cell to kill it and virus

Front 44

top of antibody is

Back 44

light chain, variable region

Front 45

bottom of antibody is

Back 45

heavy chain, constant region

Front 46

meet this in daily life, results in illness, body learns that microbe (chicken pox, colds)

Back 46

infection (interaction with microbe)

Front 47

purposeful meeting with this, diseases are too dangers to risk infection (virus, bacteria)

Back 47

vaccination (interaction with microbe)

Front 48

live cells genetically altered to confer strong, lasting immunity

Back 48

attenuated vaccine (interaction with microbe)

Front 49

cells killed by heat/chemicals, safe but less effective and needs booster

Back 49

inactivated vaccine (interaction with microbe)

Front 50

this immunity must be acquired thru interaction with a microbe

Back 50

adaptive immunity

Front 51

this immunity you are born with

Back 51

innate

Front 52

3 step series:
1-series of proteins
2-ends with forming membrane attack complex (holes in cells/lysis) helps inflamm process by
3-contributing cell fragments

Back 52

complement system (4th step in 2nd line of defense)

Front 53

complement steps (actual names)

Back 53

initiation, amplification/cascade, polymerization, membrane attack

Front 54

3rd step in 2nd line of defense

Back 54

interferon

Front 55

interferon

Back 55

small proteins produced by wbcs and tissue, in resps to viruses/antigens, bind to cells induce antiviral protein expression, and spreads word to body that a virus is present

Front 56

phagosome fused with a lysosome

Back 56

phagolysosome

Front 57

remnants of phagocytosis; death of this occurs w/in 30 mins d/t enzyme activity, resp burst, lysozyme, lactic acid, nitric acid liberation

Back 57

phagolysosome

Front 58

these come from monocytes

Back 58

macrophages

Front 59

these are the scavengers; they process, engulf, digest foreign material

Back 59

macrophages

Front 60

these react early to bact/foreign material/damaged tissue

Back 60

neutrophils

Front 61

these cells die in process of engulfing, digesting foreign material; they're the main component of pus giving it white color

Back 61

neutrophils

Front 62

these clean up the mess that neutrophils leave behind

Back 62

macrophages

Front 63

this inhibits multiplication of temp-sensitive microbes

Back 63

fever

Front 64

reduces iron, so it impedes bacteria; increases metabolism, stimulates immune reactions/protective processes

Back 64

fever

Front 65

this substance resets hypothalamus to increase body temp

Back 65

pyrogens

Front 66

these cause muscles to heat up, vasoconstriction to produce more head

Back 66

pyrogens

Front 67

chemical movement/cell movement in response to chemicals and site of injury

Back 67

chemotaxis

Front 68

how macrophages squeeze thru cells/tissue -vasodilation-

Back 68

diapedesis

Front 69

redness, warmth, swelling, pain, poss loss of function

Back 69

steps to inflammation

Front 70

protein receptors in macrophage cell membrane, bind antigens

Back 70

toll-like receptors

Front 71

4 actions in 2nd line of defense

Back 71

inflammation, phagocytosis, interferon, complement

Front 72

spleen, lymph nodes, cell collections, GALT, Peyer's patch

Back 72

secondary lymph organs; circulation-based

Front 73

thymus, bone marrow

Back 73

primary lymph organs

Front 74

site of lymphocytic origin and maturation

Back 74

primary lymph organs (thymus, bone marrow)

Front 75

plasma-like liquid, carried by lymph circ (skeletal musc mvmt) back up body; formed by blood components exited from blood vessels

Back 75

lymph fluid

Front 76

this plasma-like liquid is made of water, dissolved salts, 2-5% proteins and transports wbcs, fats, cellular debris, infections agents

Back 76

lymph fluid

Front 77

this is an alternative route for returning extracellular fluid to circ system; drain off for inflammatory response

Back 77

lymph system

Front 78

this system renders surveillance, recognition, collection of foreign material (nodes)

Back 78

lymph system

Front 79

diffs between monocytes and macrophages

Back 79

monocytes are in bloodstream; macrophages are monocytes that exited bloodstream and entered extracellular space

Front 80

b cells made here

Back 80

bone marrow

Front 81

t cells made here

Back 81

thymus

Front 82

basophils are also called

Back 82

mast cells

Front 83

mast cells (aka basophils)

Back 83

release chemical signals to call other cells to site of injury; remain in RES

Front 84

these cells destroy eukaryotic pathogens *hint: e

Back 84

eosinophils

Front 85

these cells are phagocytic

Back 85

neutrohils, macrophages

Front 86

agranulocytes

Back 86

*mal*
leukocytes, monocytes

Front 87

granulocytes

Back 87

*nebgran*
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Front 88

wbcs we are born with, they recognize foreign material, can be gran/agran

Back 88

leukocytes

Front 89

connective fibers surrounding organs where phagocytic cells hang out

Back 89

RES; reticuloendothelial system

Front 90

this system does surveillance of body, recognizes foreignities, destructs them

Back 90

immune system

Front 91

physical

Back 91

first line of defense

Front 92

first line of defense: physical: consists of this

Back 92

skin, mucus of resp tract, gi tract; tightly packed cells, keratin, blinking/tears, stomach acid

Front 93

chemical

Back 93

first line of defense

Front 94

first line of defense: chemical: consists of this

Back 94

sebaceous secretions, lysozyme for cell burst in saliva/tears, lactic acid in sweat, HCL in stomach, bile, semen antimicrobial

Front 95

vagina environment

Back 95

warm, moist; low pH; few nutrients to keep bact from growing; mostly lactobacilli to keep pH acidic; candida albicans

Front 96

urethra environment

Back 96

microbe-free, tightly packed cells, flushing by urine helps avoid adherance

Front 97

enzymes/toxins that give strength for causing disease

Back 97

virulence factors

Front 98

a place for pahtogens to live before/after infection, like ebola in gorillas

Back 98

reservoir

Front 99

if this is eliminated, the pathogen is eliminated

Back 99

reservoir

Front 100

zoonotic, human

Back 100

types of reservoirs

Front 101

seeminly healthy people who are infected but have no signs/symptoms

Back 101

incubatory carriers

Front 102

people who've harbored pathogen for years, even after completing cycle of illness

Back 102

chronic carriers

Front 103

stds and other diseases that can't live outside the body stay in this reservoir

Back 103

human

Front 104

animals that are reservoir to human diseases like rabies

Back 104

zoonotic

Front 105

area that infectious agent enters, usually skin or mucus membranes

Back 105

portal of entry

Front 106

modes of microbe transmisson

Back 106

contact (direct/indirect), vehicle, vector

Front 107

fomites

Back 107

inanimate objects harboring disease (utensils, bedding)

Front 108

part of disease's life cycle must occur in this vector (mosquitos)

Back 108

biological vector

Front 109

disease doesn't need to mature in vector's body (just rides on it: flies)

Back 109

mechanical vector

Front 110

vertical transmission

Back 110

to baby from mother; prenatal and perinatal

Front 111

fecal-oral route of transmission

Back 111

oral contact with fecal-infected material (flies, utensils, tables) usually by poor hygiene

Front 112

parenteral transmission

Back 112

microbes put directly into blood vessels or deep tissue, usually thru bite or deep/puncture wound (AIDS, malaria)

Front 113

thru this transmission, the pathogens can survive in air, be inhaled, survive in dust

Back 113

airborne

Front 114

3 modes of drug resistance

Back 114

change what drug targets, remove/exclude drug once it has entered, acquire enzymes that inactivate/destroy drug (like beta lactamase that cuts ring in pcn, inactivating it)

Front 115

limit livestock abx use, don't prescribe for viral infection, stop selling without a scrip, stop prescribing too often, use 2+ drugs at once, comply with treatment

Back 115

ways to slow drug resistance

Front 116

these live in body thruout life, can be reduced but never eliminated

Back 116

resident biota/normal flora

Front 117

not a normal flora of body; can be removed with cleansing

Back 117

transient biota

Front 118

these flora cause disease when host defenses are down or normal flora are weak (result from broad spect abx and device implantation)

Back 118

opportunistic biota

Front 119

2 weeks: normal flora colonization
6 mths: teeth: strep increases; gumline: fusobact/bacteroids;
breast milk: 90% of intest. bact is bifidobacter,
vagina changes with estrogen (acidic with estrogen increase)

Back 119

normal flora changes in mouth, b. milk, vagina

Front 120

general defenses

Back 120

structural: skin
mechanical: washing, blinking, cilia in trachea
biochemical: tears, saliva, sweat (lysozyme)

Front 121

environment of skin

Back 121

tightly packed cells, dry, fatty acids, lysozyme present

Front 122

staph aureus, staph epidermidis, diptheroids, fungi, mites

Back 122

normal flora of skin

Front 123

normal flora of skin help by

Back 123

taking up space so others can't inhabit

Front 124

5-10% of people carry

Back 124

s. aureus; most are pathogenic

Front 125

most ppl have this facultative anaerobe that causes wound infection when it occurs

Back 125

staph epidermidis

Front 126

diptheroids

Back 126

gram + rods

Front 127

propionibacterium acnes

Back 127

live deep in hair follicles feeding on sebum; cause acne outbreaks depending on pore shape

Front 128

staph, diptheroids

Back 128

bact in conjunctiva

Front 129

nasal cavity/pharynx environment

Back 129

warm, moist; cleared by cilia; cystic fibrosis/smoking: ciliary infections;

Front 130

normal flora of nasal cavity/pharynx

Back 130

staph spp (harmless, may cause tooth decay), strep spp, moraxella, haemophilus, lactobacilli, diptheroids

Front 131

anaerobes beneath gumline

Back 131

bacteroids spp, fusobacterium spp

Front 132

yeast in mouth, causes thrush

Back 132

candida albicans

Front 133

environment of esophagus, stomach, small intestines

Back 133

too harsh for biota to survive, acidis, bile salts for fat breakdown, peristalsis

Front 134

these drugs target nucleic acids

Back 134

rifampin, quinolones

Front 135

these inhibit folic acid synthesis

Back 135

sulfas, trimethoprim

Front 136

antifungals

Back 136

nystatin, imda/trizoles, griseofulvin

Front 137

natural resistance

Back 137

naturally lacks the target that drug attacks or repels/blocks drug naturally

Front 138

resistance occurs thru mutation and genetic exchange, not there naturally

Back 138

acquired resistance

Front 139

inhibits cell wall synthesis

Back 139

pcn, vanc, ceph

Front 140

inhibit protein synthesis

Back 140

aminogly (strep, gent), chloramphenicol, tetracyc, erythro

Front 141

selectively toxic drugs

Back 141

inhib cell wall syn, inhib folic acid syn, inhib protein sys if targeting 70S or 80S ribosomes

Front 142

interfere with cell membrane, inhib of nucleic acid

Back 142

not selectively toxic because we have these things

Front 143

drug elimination

Back 143

liver metabolizes and detoxifies blood chemicals;
kidneys: excrete drugs and metabolites

Front 144

sythetic drugs

Back 144

we completely make

Front 145

semi-synthetic drugs

Back 145

we've taken a naturally occuring substance and altered it a bit in a lab

Front 146

abx

Back 146

substances produced naturally by an organism that inhibit/destroy microbes

Front 147

antimicrobial chemotherapy

Back 147

use of chemotherapeutic drugs to control infection

Front 148

antimicrobials

Back 148

any antimicrobial drug, regardless of origin

Front 149

chemotherapeutic drug

Back 149

umbrella term for chemical used to treat/relieve/prophylactically treat a disease

Front 150

ideal drug

Back 150

willl be selectively toxic, reach all body parts, break down easly, not disrupt normal flora

Front 151

anaerobes beneath gumline

Back 151

bacteroids spp, fusobacterium spp

Front 152

yeast in mouth, causes thrush

Back 152

candida albicans

Front 153

environment of esophagus, stomach, small intestines

Back 153

too harsh for biota to survive, acidis, bile salts for fat breakdown, peristalsis

Front 154

these drugs target nucleic acids

Back 154

rifampin, quinolones

Front 155

these inhibit folic acid synthesis

Back 155

sulfas, trimethoprim

Front 156

antifungals

Back 156

nystatin, imda/trizoles, griseofulvin

Front 157

natural resistance

Back 157

naturally lacks the target that drug attacks or repels/blocks drug naturally

Front 158

resistance occurs thru mutation and genetic exchange, not there naturally

Back 158

acquired resistance

Front 159

inhibits cell wall synthesis

Back 159

pcn, vanc, ceph

Front 160

inhibit protein synthesis

Back 160

aminogly (strep, gent), chloramphenicol, tetracyc, erythro