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106 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Bilabial stops
p (voiceless)
b (voiced)
Labiodental fricatives
f (voiceless)
v (voiced)
Bilabial nasal
m (voiced)
Bilabial glides
w* (voiceless) which
w (voiced) with
Interdental fricatives
θ (voiceless)
ð (voiced)
Alveolar stops
t (voiceless)
d (voiced)
Alveolar fricatives
s (voiceless)
z (voiced)
Alveolar nasals
n (voiced)
Alveolar liquids
l and r (voiced)
Postalveolar fricatives
ʃ (voiceless) shy
ʒ (voiced) measure
Postalveolar affricates
t͡ʃ (voiceless) choke
d͡ʒ (voiced) judge
Palatal glide
j (voiced)
Velar stops
k (voiceless)
g (voiced)
Velar nasals
ŋ (voiced)
Glottal stop
ʔ
Glottal fricative
h (voiceless)
i
beat
high front tense
I
bit
high front lax
ɛ
bet
front mid lax
æ
bat
front low lax
u
boot
high back tense rounded
ʊ
boot
high back lax rounded
ɔ
bought
mid back lax rounded
ɑ
pot
low back lax
ʌ
but
mid central lax
ə
among
mid central lax
ɑɪ
I
ɑʊ
bout
ɔɪ
boy
oh
bait
Why study language?
Creativity and complexity of language
Social reason: self-identity, social interaction
Application of linguistics
Speech vs. writing
Speech is primary
-Historical reason
-Spoken language exists everywhere.
-Writing must be taught.
-Neurolinguistic evidence
Defining language
-Language is systematic and generative
-Language is a set of arbitrary symbols
-Those symbols are primarily vocal, but may also be visual.
-The symbols have conventionalized meanings to which they refer.
-Language is used for communication.
-Language operates in a speech community or culture.
-Language is essentially human, although possibly not limited to humans.
-Language is acquired by all people in much the same way-language and language learning both have universal characteristics.
Linguistic competence
Phonetics
Phonology
Morphology
Syntax
Semantics
Phonetics
-Knowledge of the sounds of a language
-Knowing to produce and perceive the sounds in your language
-Differences between the vowels in the words
Bat/Beat/Boot
Phonology
-Knowledge about how the sounds work together as a system.
-Knowledge about the possible sequences of sounds.
Ptomaine/Ptolemy
Morphology
-Knowledge about the possible meaning units of a language.
Ihavetogohomeearlytoday.
-Ability to analyze individual words into smaller parts that have a meaning or function.
Unbelievability
Syntax
Ability to recognize well-formedness (grammaticality) of sentences
Colorless green ideas sleep furiously.
Furiously sleep ideas green colorless.
Semantics
-Ability to determine the meaning of sentences.
-Ability to determine when sentences have the same meaning
John is an unmarried man.
John is a bachelor.
-Ability to determine when a sentence has more than one meaning (ambiguity)
I’ll meet you at the bank.
Visiting relatives can be fun.
Communicative competence
-Language does specific jobs
-How to use grammatical sentences appropriately
-Purpose and context
-Includes grammatical competence.
Pragmatics
Ability to interpret language correctly in different contexts.
Styles of speech
Ability to understand the contexts or situations where different styles of language may be used.
Design features of language
Productivity
Arbitrariness
Discreteness
Productivity
Finite set of rules  Infinite number of sentences
No limit
Arbitrariness
Sign: Nonarbitrary (smoke fire)
Symbol: arbitrary indicatory of something else (wedding band married status)
Discreteness
Language relies on discreteness
Complex messages are built up out of smaller parts
What is grammar?
Set of elements and rules that make up a language.
Mental, or competence, grammar
Descriptive grammar
Prescriptive grammar
Mental grammar
Linguistic competence: a speaker’s knowledge of language (vs. performance)
Phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics.
<-> appropriateness in social situations (pragmatics, style, language variation)
Descriptive grammar
Objective description of what a speaker does.
A model of speakers’ linguistic competence.
“Usage” determines the rules.
Disputed usage
Prescriptive grammar
Tells you how to speak or write.
A value judgment about the correctness of an utterance
Hypercorrection
A consequence of prescriptive pressure
The students whom I hope will join us.
I wonder if he were here.
Between you and I
Importance of prescriptive grammar
Standard form
Guidelines for learners of English as a foreign or second language
Social reasons: an aid in social mobility
Pragmatic concepts
meaning, context, communication
Speech acts
The use of language to do a wide range of activities.
-give info
-request info
-give orders and requests
-make promise
-give advice
Performative verbs
Verbs that can be used to perform the acts they name
Direct speech acts
Perform their functions in a direct and literal manner.
Felicity conditions (questions)
Must be satisfied to make the speech act be performed correctly.
S questions H about P:
S does not know the truth about P.
S wants to know the truth about P.
S believes that H may be able to supply the information about P that S wants.
Felicity conditions (reguests)
S wants the action being ordered.
S believes that it is possible for H to do the action.
S believes/knows that the action has not been done.
Indirect speech acts
Did John marry Helen? /I don’t know if John married Helen.
Can you close the window?/This room is so cold.
Gricean Maxims
Maxims of Quality
Maxims of Quantity
Maxims of Relation (Relevance)
Maxims of Manner
Maxim of Quality
Do not say what you believe to be false.
Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.
Maxim of Quantity
Make your contribution as informative as possible.
Do not make your contribution more informative that is required.
Maxim of Relevance
Be relevant
Maxim of manner
Avoid obscurity of expression.
A void ambiguity
Be brief
Be orderly.
Why phonetics?
Language was a sound system before it was a written system.
Children acquire sound before written system.
Articulatory phonetics
Sounds in terms of how they are produced by the mechanism of the human vocal tract.
Each sound is the combination of muscle contractions.
Describes human speech sound repertoire.
Acousic phonetics
physics of sounds
Consonants
Manner of articulation
Place of articulation
Status of glottis (larynx)
Place of articulation
Bilabial
Labiodental
Interdental
Alveolar
Palatal
Velar
Glottal
(Uvular)
(Pharyngeal)
Manner of articulation
Stop
Fricative
Affricates
Nasals
Liquids
Glides
Status of glottis
voiced and voiceless
Vowels
All are voiced.
Relative height of the tongue
Frontness / backness of the tongue.
Relative rounding of the lips
Height of tongue
high, mid, low
Frontness of tongue
front, central, back
Tenseness of tongue
tense and lax
Lip rounding
rounded or unrounded
IPA
International Phonetics Alphabet
Most widely used phonetic alphabet
Natural class
Exhaustive class of sounds which chare the same descriptors/features
Natural classes
Nasals
Bilabials
Low vowels
Central vowels
interdentals
Laterals
Voiceless fricatives
Voiceless palatal
mid front vowels
Morpheme
meaning-bearing constituents of a word
Free morpheme
true, mother, orange
Bound morpheme
ing, ed, s, pre, in
Content morpheme
re, ment
Function morpheme
s
Inflectional morphology
singular/plural
past/present
Derivational morphology
By changing grammatical function of the original form while keeping the semantic meaning constant (attach/attachment)
By changing the semantic meaning while keeping the grammatical category constant. (happy/unhappy)
Major word class (open)
nounds, verbs, adj, adv
Minor word classes (closed)
auxiliary verbs, prep, pro, det, conj
Affixes
prefix, suffix, infix
Pragmatic ambiguity
Can you tell me the time?
Lexical ambiguity
We had the president for dinner.
Structural ambiguity
More intelligent administrators
Agent
Initiator of an action
Patient
the instrument that is used for the action.
Instrument
a thing that has a property that is being referred to or undergoes a movement or a change
Theme
an animate being that has some kind of perceptual or mental experience.
Experiencer
an animate being that has some kind of perceptual or mental experience.
Source
where things start
Recipient
Terry gave the book to PAT
Lexicon
“Mental storehouse of information about words and morphemes”
Language lexicon
Language lexicon
Semantic relationships that word meanings have with one another
Componential analysis (one way of analyzing word meanings into smaller parts)
Homonyms
Different words that are pronounced the same
May or may not be spelled the same
To, two, too
Tale, tail
Create ambiguity
I will meet you by the bank.
Polysemy
Words with multiple meanings that are related conceptually or historically.
Bear :to tolerate, to carry, to support
Homonym (refers to an animal)
Synonyms
Words that sound different but have the same or nearly the same meaning.
Apathetic/phlegmatic/passive/sluggish/indifferent.
Antonyms
Words that are opposite in meaning
Complementary pairs
Alive/dead, present/absent, awake/asleep
Gradable pair
Big/small, hot/cold, fast/slow, happy/sad