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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Wug Test
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-demonstrated in the Berko case
-subjects are given a nonsense word in a sentence, subjects asked to produce a new version -tests to see if subjects know morphological rules |
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Affix
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-morpheme added to the beginning, end, or middle of a word to influence meaning.
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Infix
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-affix that is added within a word
-common in Austronesian languages |
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Endocentric
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-phrases where the head of the word (often the second part) describes the object
-Center of the compound is inside -examples: white house, wisdom tooth |
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Cyclicity
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-Process by which morphology and phonology interact within words.
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Transitive
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- A verb with both a subject and object
-example: I ate bananas |
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Syntactic Role
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-Role a word plays in a syntactic sense
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Substitution Test
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-Used to identify constituents
- Substitute part with another phrase. -Ex John went to the movies on Friday. He went to the movies on friday. |
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Psychological verb
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-A verb that refers to a psychological state
-examples: like, hate |
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Analytic
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-Type of language in which most words consist of one morpheme, sentences are composed of free morphemes
-Ex: Chinese |
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Fusional
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-Synthetic Language, relationships between words indicated by bound morphemes
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Mirror Effect
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The idea that the order of morphological changes in a word mirrors the changes in meaning in the word
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Nominal Marking
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-Part of speech present in Australian languages, similar to adjectives/nouns, marked
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Ergative
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-Language class in which the subject of intransitive verbs and the object of transitive verbs are treated w/ same marker, subject of transitive verbs different marker
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Morpheme
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-smallest unit that has a meaning/grammatical function.
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Constituent
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-A grouping of words that forms a distinct syntactic unit, also any node in a syntax tree
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Theme
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-appears in relation to a psychological verb
-can be subject (I love IT) or object (IT disgusts me) |
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Determiner
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-Morphemes that indicate something about the nouns they appear with, i.e. quantity, posession
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Preposition
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-grammatical function word that precedes a noun phrase, giving info about grammatical relations
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Auxiliary
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-A type of verb that appears before another verb, such as could, would, did, etc.
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Pronoun
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-Closed lexical class of words that stand in for a noun phrase or refer to an entity
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Conjugation
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-function word that joins words of the same class
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Deletion Test
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-Used to test for constituents
-Ex: I walked the dog yesterday, and John did so yesterday. |
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Head-final
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-A language where the main part of an XP appears at the end of an XP
-Ex: "Tom fresh Mangoes Eat" |
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Morphological ambiguity
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-When the same morpheme is used in different situations, and as such its meaning becomes unclear
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Prefix
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-affix appearing at the beginning of a word
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Reduplication
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-system by which a morpheme is reduplicated in a word, usually to express a different form of meaning or emphasis
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Exocentric
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-Phrase in which head does not describe object, but rather another possessor object
-ex redneck, loudmouth |
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Productivity
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-How freely you can use an affix in a given language.
-Ex: -ness is very productive. |
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Intransitive
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-A verb that does not usually take an object
-Ex: sleep |
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Lexical Category
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-Syntactic class a word belongs to
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Complement
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-Part of a phrase contained in an XP along with the head, follows the main head.
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Topicalization
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-Constituent test
-Ex: I bought her a book. A book I bought her. |
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Synthetic
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-A language type where affixes are attached to other morphemes
-Words may have several meaningful elements. |
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Derivation
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-A process by which an underlying form is changed as rules are applied to it
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Noun Incorporation
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-Process by which adding a noun to a verb phrase changes the meaning of the noun
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Head Marking
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-Language where grammatical marks showing relations between constituents are placed on the head.
-Ex Nahuatal |
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Antipassive
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-Does not change meaning, but changes marking from absolute to ergative
-Ex: The cat catch-ANTI the bird |
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Content Morpheme
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-Morpheme that carries semantic content
-Ex: blue in blueberry |
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Agent
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-The person who carries out an action in an agent patient sentence.
-Ex: HE gave me the flowers |
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Experiencer
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-Appears in situation with a psychological verb, is the person experiencing
-Ex: SHE loves him. |
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Movement Test
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-Test for constituent where you move a part to another area.
-Ex: She loves to eat rice. She loves rice to eat. |
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Function Morpheme
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-Morpheme that provides info on the grammatical relations in the word
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Compound
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-a word comprised of two distinct words
-Ex: mailbox |
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Suffix
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- an affix appearing at the end of a word.
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Bound vs. Free
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-Bound morphemes cannot be used out of a word, while free morphemes can. Both have meaning.
-Free: candle in candlestick |
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Zero Derivation
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-When there is no audible change in a word
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Regularity
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-frequency with which a morpheme appears in a native language.
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Semantic Role
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-Role that meaning plays for a word
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Noun
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-A word pertaining to real or imaginary places, people, events
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Verb
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-A word that refers to an action, event, process, or state-of being
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Adjective
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-A word that is used to modify a noun
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Adverb
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-A word that is used to indicate manner, frequency, intensity, or other qualities of adjectives, adverbs, or verbs.
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Subcategorization
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-Everything that appears besides the head in a phrase, is considered subcategorized by the head.
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Agglutinating
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-A synthetic language in which relationships between words are indicated primarily by bound morphemes.
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Polysynthetic
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-A language that attaches several affixes to a stem to indicate grammatical relations.
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Inflection
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-Tone in which a word is spoken, conveys meaning.
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Verb Agreement
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-Rule which governs which verbs may be used in relation to subjects
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Dependent Marking
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-A language where grammatical markers showing constituent relations are placed on the dependents or modifiers instead of the heads
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Stem
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-The base on which a morphological process acts, always contains a root and possibly one or more affixes
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Suppletion
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-A morphological process within a word where one cannot be morphologically or phonologically derived from the other.
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Patient
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-Part of agent patient sentence
-Ex: She gave HIM flowers. |
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Recipient
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-Recipient of an action in a sentence
-Ex: She kissed HIM. |
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Recursion
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-Property in languages allowing for the repeated application of a rule to a word
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Head-initial
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-Language in which head appears at the beginning of an XP
-Ex: "ATE a mango" |