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65 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Wug Test
-demonstrated in the Berko case
-subjects are given a nonsense word in a sentence, subjects asked to produce a new version
-tests to see if subjects know morphological rules
Affix
-morpheme added to the beginning, end, or middle of a word to influence meaning.
Infix
-affix that is added within a word
-common in Austronesian languages
Endocentric
-phrases where the head of the word (often the second part) describes the object
-Center of the compound is inside
-examples: white house, wisdom tooth
Cyclicity
-Process by which morphology and phonology interact within words.
Transitive
- A verb with both a subject and object
-example: I ate bananas
Syntactic Role
-Role a word plays in a syntactic sense
Substitution Test
-Used to identify constituents
- Substitute part with another phrase.
-Ex John went to the movies on Friday. He went to the movies on friday.
Psychological verb
-A verb that refers to a psychological state
-examples: like, hate
Analytic
-Type of language in which most words consist of one morpheme, sentences are composed of free morphemes
-Ex: Chinese
Fusional
-Synthetic Language, relationships between words indicated by bound morphemes
Mirror Effect
The idea that the order of morphological changes in a word mirrors the changes in meaning in the word
Nominal Marking
-Part of speech present in Australian languages, similar to adjectives/nouns, marked
Ergative
-Language class in which the subject of intransitive verbs and the object of transitive verbs are treated w/ same marker, subject of transitive verbs different marker
Morpheme
-smallest unit that has a meaning/grammatical function.
Constituent
-A grouping of words that forms a distinct syntactic unit, also any node in a syntax tree
Theme
-appears in relation to a psychological verb
-can be subject (I love IT)
or object (IT disgusts me)
Determiner
-Morphemes that indicate something about the nouns they appear with, i.e. quantity, posession
Preposition
-grammatical function word that precedes a noun phrase, giving info about grammatical relations
Auxiliary
-A type of verb that appears before another verb, such as could, would, did, etc.
Pronoun
-Closed lexical class of words that stand in for a noun phrase or refer to an entity
Conjugation
-function word that joins words of the same class
Deletion Test
-Used to test for constituents
-Ex: I walked the dog yesterday, and John did so yesterday.
Head-final
-A language where the main part of an XP appears at the end of an XP
-Ex: "Tom fresh Mangoes Eat"
Morphological ambiguity
-When the same morpheme is used in different situations, and as such its meaning becomes unclear
Prefix
-affix appearing at the beginning of a word
Reduplication
-system by which a morpheme is reduplicated in a word, usually to express a different form of meaning or emphasis
Exocentric
-Phrase in which head does not describe object, but rather another possessor object
-ex redneck, loudmouth
Productivity
-How freely you can use an affix in a given language.
-Ex: -ness is very productive.
Intransitive
-A verb that does not usually take an object
-Ex: sleep
Lexical Category
-Syntactic class a word belongs to
Complement
-Part of a phrase contained in an XP along with the head, follows the main head.
Topicalization
-Constituent test
-Ex: I bought her a book.
A book I bought her.
Synthetic
-A language type where affixes are attached to other morphemes
-Words may have several meaningful elements.
Derivation
-A process by which an underlying form is changed as rules are applied to it
Noun Incorporation
-Process by which adding a noun to a verb phrase changes the meaning of the noun
Head Marking
-Language where grammatical marks showing relations between constituents are placed on the head.
-Ex Nahuatal
Antipassive
-Does not change meaning, but changes marking from absolute to ergative
-Ex: The cat catch-ANTI the bird
Content Morpheme
-Morpheme that carries semantic content
-Ex: blue in blueberry
Agent
-The person who carries out an action in an agent patient sentence.
-Ex: HE gave me the flowers
Experiencer
-Appears in situation with a psychological verb, is the person experiencing
-Ex: SHE loves him.
Movement Test
-Test for constituent where you move a part to another area.
-Ex: She loves to eat rice.
She loves rice to eat.
Function Morpheme
-Morpheme that provides info on the grammatical relations in the word
Compound
-a word comprised of two distinct words
-Ex: mailbox
Suffix
- an affix appearing at the end of a word.
Bound vs. Free
-Bound morphemes cannot be used out of a word, while free morphemes can. Both have meaning.
-Free: candle in candlestick
Zero Derivation
-When there is no audible change in a word
Regularity
-frequency with which a morpheme appears in a native language.
Semantic Role
-Role that meaning plays for a word
Noun
-A word pertaining to real or imaginary places, people, events
Verb
-A word that refers to an action, event, process, or state-of being
Adjective
-A word that is used to modify a noun
Adverb
-A word that is used to indicate manner, frequency, intensity, or other qualities of adjectives, adverbs, or verbs.
Subcategorization
-Everything that appears besides the head in a phrase, is considered subcategorized by the head.
Agglutinating
-A synthetic language in which relationships between words are indicated primarily by bound morphemes.
Polysynthetic
-A language that attaches several affixes to a stem to indicate grammatical relations.
Inflection
-Tone in which a word is spoken, conveys meaning.
Verb Agreement
-Rule which governs which verbs may be used in relation to subjects
Dependent Marking
-A language where grammatical markers showing constituent relations are placed on the dependents or modifiers instead of the heads
Stem
-The base on which a morphological process acts, always contains a root and possibly one or more affixes
Suppletion
-A morphological process within a word where one cannot be morphologically or phonologically derived from the other.
Patient
-Part of agent patient sentence
-Ex: She gave HIM flowers.
Recipient
-Recipient of an action in a sentence
-Ex: She kissed HIM.
Recursion
-Property in languages allowing for the repeated application of a rule to a word
Head-initial
-Language in which head appears at the beginning of an XP
-Ex: "ATE a mango"