Intro To Psychology Chapter 5-8

Front 1

Stage 1

Back 1

lasts about 5 minutes
it is very easy to awaken a person in this stage
Hypnic jerk

Front 2

Stage 2

Back 2

sleep spindles (brief bursts of brain activity)
Easy to awaken a person in this stage, they know they've been asleep

Front 3

Stage 3

Back 3

Delta waves = slow wave sleep
20% to 50%

Front 4

Stage 4

Back 4

Delta waves = slow wave sleep
>50%
resperation slows, blood lowers as does bodily temp

Front 5

REM sleep

Back 5

(rapid eye movement)
after 1 hour, reverse sleep instead of stage 1 > REm
brain activity higher than when you are awake.
breathing & heart rate are fast and irregular

Front 6

Sleep Apnea

Back 6

disorder characterized by the cessation of breathing during sleep
-snoring can be a sign
-when the buscles in the base of throat relax and block airway.
-irregular breathing followed by cessation

Front 7

Narcolepsy

Back 7

Uncontrollably falling off to sleep

Front 8

Restorative Theory

Back 8

The theory that sleep restores the wear and tear on the body that occurs during the day

Front 9

Evolutionary Theory

Back 9

sleep, in our evolutionary development removes us from predatory animals that are nocturnal - this theory lacks any real supportive evidence

Front 10

Tips to help sleep aid

Back 10

-restrict sleeping hours to the same nightly patterns
-don't watch tv, or expose yourself to other stimuli in bed
-avoid caffeinee in pop, coffee, or other stimulants
-consider deep muscle relaxation or meditation

Front 11

REM rebound

Back 11

happens when a person was deprived of REM sleep the night before,

Front 12

REM for infants

Back 12

They sleep 13 to 16 hours, and have a much higher percentage of REM sleep

Front 13

REM in the 40's

Back 13

slow wave sleep decreases and sleep is shallower and more fragmented

Front 14

REM in older years

Back 14

slow wave sleep decreases eve nmore in the older years and the quality of sleep declines

Front 15

Effects of Sleep Deprivation

Back 15

-rem rebound
- affects performance on cognitive tasks, and emotional states
-impatience, agrivation, frustrated easily
-(4 to 11 days) hallucinations, going crazy, anxiety, paranoi. change in temp, metabolism, and hormonal secretions

Front 16

Nicotene

Back 16

can result in increased alertness, relaxation, irritability in addition to serious health consequences

Front 17

Freudian Theory

Back 17

dreams are the royal road to the unconscious. Dreams allow us to fulfill unconscious desires or wishes. Dreams have a manifest content (the obvious content) and a latent content (the symbolic content

Front 18

Unconditioned Stimulus

Back 18

the stimulus to which the organism responses without obvious evidence of prior learning

Front 19

Unconditioned response

Back 19

the organism's response to the unconditioned stimulus

Front 20

conditioned stimulus

Back 20

the stimulus, which when paired with the unconditioned stimulus, will eventually elicit the same or similar response as the unconditioned stimulus

Front 21

conditioned responses

Back 21

the response which is eventually elicited by th econditioned stimulus after it is paired with the unconditioned stimulus

Front 22

positive reinforcement

Back 22

a reward is presented immediately following a response and increases the likelihood of its recurrence

Front 23

negative reinforcement

Back 23

the removal of an unpleasant stimulus following a desired response that increases the probablitity of the response's recurrence. For example; a loud whistle is usally aversive to cats. Whatever the cat does that leads tocessation of the unpleasant noise is likely to reoccur

Front 24

Experiment with pavlov and dogs

Back 24

He was interested in digestive system. He defined conditioned reflexes

Front 25

Conditioned emotional response

Back 25

a classical conditioning procedure in which the Unconditioned stimulus is always aversive or unpleasant. When a conditioned stimulus is paired with the unconditioned stimulus, the organism may learn to avoid the unconditioned stimulus.

Front 26

Extinction

Back 26

extinction occurs when you no longer pair the unconditioned stimulus with the conditioned stimulus and the organism gradually ceases to respond th econditioned stimulus.

Front 27

Systematic Desensitization

Back 27

progresssive gradual exposure to the conditioned stimulus without aversive consequences until the fear is extinguished.

Front 28

Modeling

Back 28

When a something is demonstration is shown to a subject, like playing with dogs for one who has a fear of dogs

Front 29

Stimulus Generalization

Back 29

the tendancy of an elicited conditioned response to be elicited by a stimulus that is similar, but not identical to the conditioned stimulus

Front 30

Primary Reinforcers

Back 30

those reinforcers, which seem to elicit responses without obvious evidence of prior learning. Usually they are related to bsic processes such as food, wter, or relief from pain

Front 31

Secondary reinforcers

Back 31

those reinforcers, which acquire reinforcing properties as a result of being consistently associatedd with primary reinforcers. Example: in the 1930's a chimpanzee was given a poker chips consistently with food. After a while, the poker chips could be used to teach the chimp new responses. Other examples of econdary reinfrocers are praise, money - anything that becomes a reinforcer that does nto satisfy basic biological need and presumably becoming reinforcers as a result of prior learning experiences.

Front 32

Interval schedules:
-fixed interval schedule of reinforcement

Back 32

a rat is in a skinner box and is given a reward for pressing the bar for the first response after a fixed period of time - for example, after every two minutes

Front 33

Interval schedules:
-variable interval schedule of reinforcement

Back 33

A rat is given a reward for each bar presss after varying intervals of time - for example, the first bar press after 3 minutes, after 1, after 4, after 2, etc

Front 34

Ratio schedules:
-fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement

Back 34

time is irrelavant.
- the rat is given a reinforcer for pressing the bar after a fixed number of responses - forexampleafter every 3 bar presses

Front 35

Ratio schedules:
-Variable ratio schedule of reinforcement

Back 35

the rat is given a reinforcer after varying number of responses (bar presses) - for example, after the rat presses the bar 6 times, 3 times, 8 times, 4 times, etc

Front 36

The Aha experience

Back 36

Kohler explained the behavior of chimps in the above situation as an emotional one in which the suddenly “caught on” after being frustrated with other attempts in to obtain the reward

Front 37

Storage

Back 37

the process of retaining information in memory

Front 38

Retrievel

Back 38

the process of recalling or attempting to recall memories

Front 39

longterm memory

Back 39

Long Term Memory can hold a huge amount of Information or a long time – hours or years. It is analogous to storing or saving information on the hard drive of a computer.
-When a child first sees a turtle, it may enter memory because of the time, place and location (episodic) but after the word turtle acquires meaning as a term for a class of reptiles, then it becomes semantic memory. Episodic memories of your own life are called autobiographical memories.

Front 40

short term memory

Back 40

Short Term Memory may involve retention for about 30 seconds, but ONLY if rehearsal is allowed - otherwise it lasts only for a second or two. A good example is a telephone number that you have just looked up and don’t plan to call again – such as a number of a department store or restaurant. We usually remember Chunks – a Chunk is a unit of information such as a digit, letter, or word. Usually, people can hold only about 5 to 9 Chunks in Short Term Memory