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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 4 main purposes of the brain?
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1. Communicating internally
2. Initiating and coordinating behavior 3. Regulating growth and internal functions 4. Adapting/transmitting genetic code |
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What is the nervous system made up of?
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Billions of individual neurons
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The nervous system connects the CNS with what?
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muscles, glands, and sense organs
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What are the four parts of a neuron?
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1. Cell body
2. Dendrites 3. Axon 4. Myelin |
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What is the cell body of a neuron?
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Contains the nucleus, carries out all the functions that any other cell does
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What are the dendrites?
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Extensions of the neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body
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What is the axon?
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Extension of the neuron through which messages are sent to other neurons or to muscles or glands
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What is Myelin?
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It is a sheath of fatty cells that segmentally encase the axon for insulation
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Why is insulation of the axon important?
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Vastly quickens the transmission speed of neural impulses
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What is the current idea regarding connections and intelligence?
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The more connections of axons/terminal means more intelligent
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What are the 3 types of neurons?
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1. Sensory
2. Interneurons 3. Motor |
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What are Sensory Neurons?
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Neurons that carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the CNS
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What are Interneurons?
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CNS neurons that internally communicate and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs
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Which neurons do not exist outside the CNS?
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Interneurons!
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What are Motor Neurons?
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Carry outgoing information from the CNS to muscles and glands
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What makes up the CNS?
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ONLY the brain and spinal cord!
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What is a Reflex?
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A simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus
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Interneurons can make decisions with out what?
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Cognition from the brain!
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What is the Sodium Pump?
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It is an active transport mechanism that moves impulses down the axon by pumping sodium into the cell
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The Sodium Pump is what?
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ALL OR NOTHING!
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What is the stage called where the neuron cannot send another signal?
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Refractory period
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What is the Refractory Period?
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Time during which the neuron can't send another signal
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What is the Resting Potential?
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Tiny charge between inside, outside of neuron
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How is the Resting Potential maintained?
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Sodium pump and selectively permeable membrane!
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The refractory period causes what to take longer and longer?
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Neuron takes longer and longer to send signal to CNS
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What is the Action Potential?
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Change in potential, primarily because of messages from other neurons
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What are the two types of messages causing a AP?
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Excitatory and Inhibitory Messages
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When a cell loses the negative charge, it becomes what?
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Depolarized!
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When a cell becomes more negatively charged, it becomes what?
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Hyperpolarized!
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What is the Synapse?
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Junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite of the receiving neuron
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What are Neurotransmitters?
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Chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps between neurons
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What stores neurotransmitters?
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Synaptic Vesicles!
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What are the 4 main Neurotransmitters?
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1. Acetylcholine
2. Dopamine 3. Serotonin 4. Gamma-Amino Butyric Acid (GABA) |
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What is Acetylcholine?
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A NT that's involved in triggering muscles to contract
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What is Dopamine?
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A NT that has inhibitory effects which dampen and smooths out neural messages. Used to reward and cover pain
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Dopamine is also involved in what?
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Motivation!
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Heroine and morphine duplicate the effects of what?
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Dopamine!
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What is Serotonin?
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A NT that is involved in sleep and dreaming, happiness
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What is GABA?
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A NT that is involved in regulating anxiety
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What are Agonists?
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Drugs that mimic the action of NTs
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What are Antagonists?
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Drugs that block the action of NTs
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What are Neuromodulators?
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Drugs that increase or decrease effectiveness of other NTs
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What is an example of an Agonist?
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Nicotine mimics Acetylcholine
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What is an example of an Antagonist?
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Curare blocks Acetylcholine
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What is an example of a Neuromodulator?
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Endorphins!
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What are the two parts of the Nervous systems?
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Central and Peripheral!
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What are the two main sections of the Peripheral Nervous System?
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Somatic and Autonomic
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What is the Somatic peripheral nervous system?
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Skeletal muscle - voluntary
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What are the two sections of Autonomic Peripheral Nervous System?
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Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
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Sympathetic prepares the body for what?
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Emergencies!
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Parasympathetic systems do what?
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Calm the body down
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What is the Brainstem?
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The oldest part and central core of the brain.
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What is the brainstem responsible for?
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Automatic survival functions
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What is the Medulla?
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It is the base of the brainstem that controls heartbeat and breathing
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What is the Thalamus?
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It is the brain's sensory switchboard. It directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla
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What is the Cerebellum?
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It is the "litttle brain" attached to the rear of the brainstem which it helps coordinate voluntary movement and balance
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The Hypothalamus controls what?
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Hunger!
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What gives you your ability of muscle memory and to get into "The Zone"?
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the Cerebullum!
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What is the Cerebral Cortex?
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The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres
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What is the body's ultimate control and information processing center?
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The Cerebral Cortex!
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What are Glial Cells?
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Cells in the nervous system that are not neurons but that support, nourish and protect neurons
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What are the Frontal Lobes involved with?
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Involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plants and judgements
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Which lobes include the visual areas?
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Occipital Lobes
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What is the main purpose of the Occipital Lobes?
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Visual Areas
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Which lobes include the auditory areas?
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Temporal Lobes!
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What is the main purpose of the Temporal Lobes?
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Auditory areas
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In the cerebral cortex, from front to back, which order are the motor and sensory cortex?
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First is the motor cortex, then the sensory cortex
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What is the output cortex?
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Motor!
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What is the input cortex?
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Sensory!
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Which part of the body does the cerebral cortex spend most of it's energy on? Why?
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The Face! Because of facial recognition and talking for survival purposes
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What two cortexes are located in the Parietal Lobe?
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Motor and Sensory Cortexes
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What is the Motor Cortex?
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It is the lobe at the rear of the frontal lobe that controls voluntary movements
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What is the sensory cortex?
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It is the area at the front of the parietal lobe that registers and processes body sensations
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What is aphasia?
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Impairment of language
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What causes Aphasia?
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Usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area or Wernicke's Area
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What is Broca's Area?
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Area in the frontal lobe that directs the muscle movements involved in speech
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What is Wernicke's Area?
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Area in left temporal lobe involved in language comprehension and expression
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What is Brain Plasticity?
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It is the brain's capacity for modification/repair following damage
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Who has a better change of rewiring their brain after severe damage? Kids or adults?
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KIDS!
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What is the Corpus Callosum?
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Large bundle of neural fibers that connects the two brain hemispheres and relays messages
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What is Split Brain?
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A condition where the two hemispheres of the brain are separated
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What is a dramatic but oftentimes necessary treatment for grand mal seizures?
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Severing the Corpus Callosum
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In general, which side of the cortex controls the other side of the body?
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Left controls the right and vice versa
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What is the Optic Chiasm?
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It is the area in the brain where the nerves to each eye cross each other in the corpus callosum
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The study of how much mental processes help people adapt to their environment is called what?
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Functionalism!
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The notion that the consequences of a behavior determine whether it will be likely to occur again was formulated by who?
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B.F. Skinner
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The characteristics of an experiment that allows one to draw accurate inferences about a casual relationship between an IV and a DV is called what?
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Internal Validity!
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The OCD checklist asks several questions relating to demographics, emotions, and substance use. This OCD checklist lacks what?
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Construct Validity!
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What are the regions of the brain composed of neurons that help provide sense and meaning to information registered in the cortex?
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Association Areas
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What are the three main divisions of the brain?
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Hindbrain, Midbrain, and Forebrain
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What is internal validity?
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Extent to which an experiment has effectively controlled for confounding variables
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What are confounding variables?
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Uncontrolled variables that change along with the independent variable
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What is the Limbic System?
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System of structures thought to be involved in motivation, emotional behaviors and memory
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