Intro To Psychology - Chapter 4: Consciousness

Front 1

Consciousness

Back 1

awareness of everything that is going around you and inside your own head at any given moment, which you use to organize your behavior, including your thoughts, sensation, and feelings

Front 2

Waking Consciousness

Back 2

People's thoughts, feelings, and sensations are clear and organized, and they feel alert

Front 3

Altered state of consciousness

Back 3

occurs when there is a shift in the quality or pattern of your mental activity
-different forms include daydreaming, being hypnotized, or achieving a meditative state

Front 4

biological rhythm

Back 4

natural cycles of activity that the body must go through

Front 5

Circadian Rhythm

Back 5

a cycle of bodily rhythm that occurs over a 24-hour period. Translates to about day (about a day)

Front 6

Melatonin

Back 6

a hormone usually secreted by the pineal gland that causes sleep

Front 7

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

Back 7

the internal clock that tells people to wake up and when to fall asleep
-sensitive to light

Front 8

microsleeps

Back 8

brief side sleeps into sleeps that only lasts seconds

Front 9

sleep deprivation

Back 9

loss of sleep

Front 10

adaptive theory of sleep

Back 10

proposes that animals and humans evolved different sleep patterns to avoid being present during their predators' normal hunting times, which typically would be at night

Front 11

restorative theory of sleep

Back 11

states that sleep is necessary to the physical health of the body

Front 12

REM (rapid eye movement) sleep

Back 12

active type of sleep when most of a person's dreaming takes place. Voluntary muscles are inhibited, meaning that the person in REM sleep moves very little

Front 13

non-REM sleep

Back 13

deep, restful sleep

Front 14

EEG

Back 14

reflects brain activity during both waking and sleep

Front 15

beta waves

Back 15

smaller and faster brain waves, typically indicating mental activity; person is usually wide awake

Front 16

alpha waves

Back 16

brain waves that indicate a state of relaxation or light sleep

Front 17

theta waves

Back 17

brain waves that indicate the early stages of sleep

Front 18

Non-REM stage 1: light sleep

Back 18

theta wave activity increases and alpha wave activity fades away
-hallucinations
-hypnic jerk

Front 19

Non-REM stage 2: Sleep spindles

Back 19

body temp drops, heart rate slows
-theta waves are still predominate

Front 20

sleep spindles

Back 20

brief bursts of activity lasting only a second or two

Front 21

Non-REM stage 3 and 4: Delta waves roll in

Back 21

delta waves roll in and growth hormones are released

Front 22

delta waves

Back 22

slowest and largest waves
-make up only about 20 to 50 percent of the brain wave pattern
-hard to wake up

Front 23

REM paralysis

Back 23

the inability of the voluntary muscles to move during REM sleep

Front 24

REM Rebound

Back 24

increased amounts of REM sleep after being deprived of REM sleep on earlier nights

Front 25

REM behavior disorder

Back 25

a rare disorder in which the mechanism that blocks the movement of the voluntary muscle fails, allowing the person to thrash around and even to get up and act out nightmares

Front 26

Sleepwalking or somnambulism

Back 26

Occurs in about 20 percent of the population; occurring during deep sleep, an episode of moving o walking around in one's sleep

Front 27

Night terrors

Back 27

state of panic experienced while sound asleep. people may sit up, scream, run around the room, or flail at some unseen attacker

Front 28

insomnia

Back 28

the inability to get to sleep, stay asleep, or get a good quality of sleep

Front 29

sleep apnea

Back 29

disorder where the person stops breathing for nearly half a minute or more

Front 30

Narcolepsy

Back 30

person may slip suddenly into REM sleep during the day

Front 31

cataplexy

Back 31

the sudden loss of muscle tone

Front 32

restless leg syndrome

Back 32

uncomfortable sensations in leg causing movement and loss of sleep

Front 33

nocturnal leg cramps

Back 33

painful cramps in calf or foot muscles

Front 34

hypersomnia

Back 34

excessive daytime sleepiness

Front 35

circadian rhythm disorders

Back 35

disturbances of the sleep-wake cycle such as jet lag and shift work

Front 36

Enuresis

Back 36

urinating while asleep in bed

Front 37

Manifest Content

Back 37

the actual dream itself

Front 38

latent content

Back 38

hidden meaning or feelings in a dream expressed in symbols

Front 39

Activation-synthesis hypothesis

Back 39

explains that a dream is merely another kind of thinking that occurs when people sleep. it is less realistic because it comes not from the outside world of reality but from within people's memories and experiences of the past; premise states that dreams are created by the higher centers of the cortex to explain the activation by the brain stems of cortical cells during REM sleep periods

Front 40

Activation-information-mode model (AIM)

Back 40

revised vision of the activation-synthesis explanation of dreams in which information that is accessed during waking hours can have an influence on the synthesis of dreams

Front 41

hypnosis

Back 41

a state of consciousness in which a person is especially susceptible to suggestion

Front 42

dissociation

Back 42

one part of the mind is aware of actions/activities taking place, while the "hypnotized" part is not

Front 43

social cognitive theory

Back 43

suggests that people assume roles based on expectation for a given situation

Front 44

psychoactive drugs

Back 44

drugs that alter thinking, perception, and memory

Front 45

physical dependence

Back 45

condition occurring when a person's body becomes unable to function normally without a particular drug

Front 46

drug tolerance

Back 46

as a person continues to use a drug, larger and larger doses of the drug are needed to achieve the same initial effects of the drug

Front 47

withdrawal

Back 47

physical symptoms that can include nausea, pain, tremors, crankiness, and high blood pressure, resulting from a lack of an addictive drug in the body system

Front 48

psychological dependence

Back 48

the belief that the drug is needed to continue a feeling of emotional or psychological well-being, which is a very powerful factor in continued drug use

Front 49

stimulants

Back 49

drugs that increase the functioning of the nervous system

Front 50

depressants

Back 50

drugs that decrease the functioning of the nervous system

Front 51

narcotics

Back 51

painkilling depressants that are derived from the opium poppy

Front 52

hallucinogenics

Back 52

drugs that alter perceptions and may cause hallucinations

Front 53

amphetamines

Back 53

stimulants that are synthesized in a lab rather than found in nature
-metamphetamine

Front 54

cocaine

Back 54

natural drug found in coca plant leaves. it produces euphoria, energy, power, and pleasure. suppresses pain and appetite

Front 55

nicotine

Back 55

mild but toxic stimulant, producing a slight "rush" or sense of arousal as it raises blood pressure and accelerates the heart, as well as providing a rush of sugar into the bloodstream by stimulating the release of adrenalin

Front 56

barbiturates

Back 56

drugs that have a sedative effect

Front 57

depressants

Back 57

drugs that slow the central nervous system

Front 58

minor tranquilizers

Back 58

drugs having a relatively mild depressant effect

Front 59

benzodiazepines

Back 59

drugs used to lower anxiety and reduce stress

Front 60

alcohol

Back 60

chemical resulting from fermentation or distillation of various kinds of vegetable matter

Front 61

karsakoff's syndrome

Back 61

form of dementia brought about by a severe vitamin B1 deficiency caused by the alcoholic's tendency to drink rather than eat

Front 62

opium

Back 62

derived from opium poppy where all narcotic drugs are derived; pain relieving and euphoria inducing properties that have been known for at lease 2000 years

Front 63

morphine

Back 63

narcotic drug derived from opium; used to treat severe pain

Front 64

heroin

Back 64

narcotic drug derive from opium that is extremely addictive

Front 65

hallucinogens

Back 65

drug that causes false sensory messages

Front 66

LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)

Back 66

synthesized drug not used as an animal tranquilizer that can cause stimulant, depressant, narcotic, or hallucinogenic effects

Front 67

MDMA (ecstasy)

Back 67

synthetic drug; designer drug that can have both stimulant and hallucinatory effects

Front 68

stimulatory hallucinogenics

Back 68

drugs that produce a mixture of psychomotor stimulant and hallucinogenic efforts

Front 69

Mescaline

Back 69

natural hallucinogens derived from the peyote cactus buttons

Front 70

psilocybin

Back 70

natural hallucinogen found in certain mushrooms

Front 71

marijuana

Back 71

mild hallucinogen derived from the leaves and flowers of a particular type of hemp plant