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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Psychology?
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The scientific study of the mind and behavior.
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What is the mind?
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Our private inner experience of perceptions, thoughts, memories, and feelings.
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What is behavior?
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Observable actions of human beings and nonhuman animals.
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What is Nativism?
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It is the philosophical view that certain kinds of knowledge are innate or inborn.
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What is Philosophical Empiricism?
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It is the philosophical view that all knowledge is acquired through experience. We're born as a blank slate.
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What is phrenology?
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It is the now defunct theory that specific mental abilities and characteristics are localized in specific regions of the brain.
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What is physiology?
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The study of biological processes, especially in the human body.
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What is a stimulus?
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Sensory input from the environment
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What is reaction time?
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It is the amount of time taken to respond to a specific stimulus
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What is Consciousness?
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A person's subjective experience of the world and the mind.
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What is Structuralism?
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Structuralism is the analysis of the basic elements that constitute the mind
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What is introspection?
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Introspection is the subjective observation of one's own experience
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What is Functionalism?
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Functionalism is the study of the purpose mental processes serve in enabling people to adapt to their environment
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What is Natural Selection?
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Charles Darwin's theory that features of an organism to survive/reproduce make it more likely to pass such features to subsequent generations
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What are illusions?
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Errors of perception, memory or judgment in which subjective experience differs from objective reality
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What is Gestalt Psychology?
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A psychological approach that emphasizes that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts.
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What is Hysteria?
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A temporary loss of cognitive or motor functions due to emotionally upsetting experiences
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What is the Unconscious?
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The part of the mind that operates outside of conscious awareness but influences conscious thoughts, feelings, and actions.
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What is Psychoanalytic Theory?
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Freud's approach to understanding human behavior that emphasizes the importance of unconscious mental processes
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What is psychoanalysis?
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A therapeutic approach that focuses on bringing unconscious material into conscious awareness
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What does Psycoanalytic Theory focus on?
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The importance of unconscious mental processes in shaping feelings, thoughts and behaviors
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What does Gestalt Psychology emphasize?
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We often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts
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What is Humanistic Psychology?
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An approach to understanding human nature that emphasizes the positive potential of humans
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What does Humanistic Psychology emphasize?
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The positive potential of humans
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What is Behaviorism?
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An approach that advocates that psychologists restrict themselves to the scientific study of objectively observable behavior.
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What is the response?
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An action or physiological change elicited by a stimulus
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What is Reinforcement?
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The consequences of a behavior that determine whether it will be more likely that the behavior will occur again.
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What is Cognitive Psychology?
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The scientific study of mental processes, including perception, thought, memory, and reasoning.
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What is Behavioral Neuroscience?
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An approach to psychology that links psychological processes to activities in the nervous system
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What is Cognitive Neuroscience?
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A field that attempts to understand the links between cognitive processes and brain activity
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What is Evolutionary Psychology?
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An approach that explains mind and behavior in terms of the adaptive value of abilities that are preserved over time by natural selection.
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What is Social Psychology?
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A subfield of psychology that studies the causes and consequences of interpersonal behavior
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What is Cultural Psychology?
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The study of how cultures reflect and shape the psychological processes of their members
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Today's psychologists study what kind of people?
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Normal people!
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Who is the father of Clinical Psychology?
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Sigmund Freud
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What are 4 current determinants of behavior?
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1. Current Environment
2. Culture 3. Genetics 4. Moment-to-moment experiences |
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What is the purpose of many behaviors in life?
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To survive in your environment!
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Who are the Great Philosophers?
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Plato, Aristotle, and Descartes
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Who argued for Nativism, or innate knowledge?
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Plato!
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Who argued for Philosophical Empiricism?
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Aristotle!
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What is Dualism?
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The mind and the body are separate.
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Who argued that the pineal gland is the center of the soul?
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Descartes!
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Descartes believed what gland as the center of the soul?
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The Pineal Gland
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Who believed in Dualism during the 16th century?
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Descartes!
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Who was Pierre Flourens?
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He was an biologist who developed the scalpel in order for brain dissection
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Who added precision through surgical experiments and developed the scalpel?
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Pierre Flourens
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What Paul Broca discover?
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He discovered the part of the brain that controls the mechanisms of speech
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What is the area of the brain called that controls the mechanisms of speech?
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Broca's Area
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Who determined the speed of responses (that is, stimulus to brain response)?
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Helmholtz!
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Wundt was part of what psychological ism?
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Structuralism
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When did psychology become popular?
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When it came to America!
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Who was Titchener?
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He was an American psychologist who studied the elemental qualities of consciousness
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Who developed the study Phrenology?
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Franz Gall
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Who was G. Stanley Hall?
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He was a psychologist who studied the child development and adolescence.
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Who studied the child and adolescence development?
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G. Stanley Hall
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When was the first psychology laboratory found?
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1879
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What was founded in 1879 in the world of psychology?
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The first psychology laboratory at the University of Lepzig
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Who founded the first psychology lab?
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Wilhelm Wundt in 1879
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Who is the Father of Psychology?
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Wilhelm Wundt
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What was Wundt's main focus?
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Immediate conscious experience
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Wundt advocated scientific techniques for what?
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Studying mental processes
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Who are the main psychologists of Structuralism?
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Wundt and Titchener
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Structuralism analyses what?
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Analyzes elements of sensations and feelings (e.g. taste)
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What technique is used in Structuralism?
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Systematic Introspection - self-reporting by trained individuals
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Structuralism is more interested in what? Brain or Mind?
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More interested in the brain than the mind
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What is the brain?
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It is a physical, biological structure
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Who was the main psychologist of Functionalism?
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William James and James Rowland Angell
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Functionalism tries to understand mental processes by doing what?
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By understanding the goal or purpose of those processes
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Functionalism is greatly influenced by the work of whom?
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Darwin!
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Who were the two most influential psychologists of Behaviorism?
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John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner
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What are two problems of introspection in behaviorism?
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1. Cannot directly observe mental events
2. subjective, varies by individual |
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What is the solution to the introspection in behaviorism?
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Focus only on observable behavior in carefully controlled experiments
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Who was Skinner's rival?
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Chamsky
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Who was Sigmund Freud?
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He was a medical doctor from Vienna who established early methods for treating psychological disorders
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What was one of Freud's biggest observations?
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Some physical problems have psychological causes
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Freud believed many psychological problems arise from what?
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Childhood experiences
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The advent of what caused a decline in behaviorism?
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Computers!
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Cognitive psychology came from what ism?
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Functionalism
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Who are the 4 main psychologists of Cognitive Psychology?
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Bartlett, Ebbinghaus, Paiget, and Lewin
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Who studied how expectations effect memory?
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Bartlett
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Ebbinghaus studied what as part of cognitive psychology?
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Nonsense syllables for studying memory
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Piaget studied what as part of cognitive psychology?
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Cognitive errors of children and insight into the mind
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Lewin believed behavior is predicted by what?
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A person's subjective experience of the world. Perception vs. sensation
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Who studies the software of the brain?
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Cognitive Psychologists
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Who studies the hardware of the brain?
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Cognitive Neuroscience
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Who was Karl Lashley?
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He was a neuroscientist who surgically removed brain parts from rats in hopes of finding spot in brain where learning occurs
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What is Health Psychology?
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Studying health issues like eating disorders, etc.
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What is Absolutism?
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Behavior is the same across cultures
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What is Relativism?
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Meaning behind the behavior is dependent on the culture.
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Who was the first woman elected president of the APA?
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Mary Calkins
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Who was the first African American to hold a PhD in psychology?
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Francis Sumner
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Who was the first minority member to become president of the APA?
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Kenneth Clark
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What is the main focus of Clinical Psychologists?
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Diagnosing and treating psychological problems
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What is the main focus of counseling psychologists?
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Specific adjustment issues (eg, marriage, school, etc.)
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What are psychiatrists?
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Medical doctors specializing in psychological problems.
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What is the main focus of Applied Psychologists?
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Applying psychology to practical problems in the real world
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What are some examples of Applied Psychologists?
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School psychologists, industrial psychologists, human factor psychologists, business and marketing
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Are applied psychologists involved with psychological disorders?
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No!
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What is the main focus of Research Psychologists? Where do they work?
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Conducting experiments in universities, colleges, and research institutes
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BF Skinner used a "conditioning chamber" in his research with what?
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Rats!
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Which school of psychology was most concerned with the adaptive importance of mental processes?
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Functionalism!
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