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116 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Psychology is the science of ____ and _____
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behavior and the mind
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Behavior
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observable actions
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Father of psychology
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Wilhelm Wundt
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belief that mind is separate from the brain but somehow controls the brain and through it, the rest of the body
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dualism
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Descartes beliefs
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dualism with focus on the body - opened door for science of psychology b/c it acknowledges roles of sense organs, nerves, and muscles in behavior
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Thomas Hobbes
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"nothing exists but matter and energy" - materialism
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"the whole is greater than the sum of the parts"
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Gestalt
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Gestalt psychology and name to remember
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emphasized the idea that the mind must be understood in terms of organized wholes, not elementary parts -- Max Wertheimer
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explains behavior in terms of biological factors, such as anatomy, electrical and chemical activities in the nervous system and effectors of drugs/hormones/genetics and evolutionary pressures
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Biological psychology
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conscious experience is generated by and therefore inseparable from the brain
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monism
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social interactions, stereotypes, prejudices, attitudes, conformities, group behavior, aggression
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social psychology
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view that human knowledge and thought is gained directly through sensory experience. John Locke preached this belief.
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empiricism
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researcher asks a subject to look inwardly into their conscious mind and describe their perceptions and sensations
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introspection
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used by Freud. The thoughts from the unconscious mind greatly influences individuals' behavior. Involves Dream Analysis
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interaction
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law of association by contiguity - empiricist principle
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if two environmental events (stimuli) are experienced at the same time, those two events will become associated in the person's mind
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the view that some knowledge and rules of operation are native to the human mind (inborn, don't have to be acquired from experience)
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nativism
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A school of psychological thought that holds that the proper subject of study is observable behavior, not the mind, and that behavior should be understood in terms of its relationship to observable events in the environent rather than in terms of hypothetical events within the individual
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behaviorism
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the belief that behavior is caused by an individual’s independent decision-making
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free will
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a study in which the researcher does not manipulate any variable but observes or measures two or more variables to find relationships between them
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correlational study
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Darwin
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natural selection leads to the evolution of behavioral tendencies that promote survival and reproduction
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cognitive level of psychology
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study of individuals' knowledge or beliefs as cause of mental experiences and behavior
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behavioral geneticists
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researchers who attempt to explain psychological differences in terms of differences in genes
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learning psychologists
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explain behavior most directly in terms of past experiences with the environment
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cognition
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information stored and activated by the brain - information in the mind
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social psychologists
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study influence of other people or one's beliefs about other people on mental experiences or behavior -- immediate social influences that act on individuals
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cultural psychologists
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characterize entire cultures in terms of the typical ways that people within them feel, think, and act
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developmental
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age differences
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aim to describe the behavior of an individual or set of individuals without systematically investigating relationships between variables
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descriptive study
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factors in calculating p -value
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1. size of observed effect2. number of subjects or observations3. variability of data within each group
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error
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random variability in results - some is inevitable
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bias
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nonrandom (directed) effects caused by some factor or factors extraneous to the hypothesis
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reliable
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similar results are yielded each time it is used with a particular subject under a particular set of conditions
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valid
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measures or predicts what it is intended to measure or predict
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Titchener
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Structuralism and introspection
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the researcher attempts to describe the structures that compose the mind
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structuralism
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method of exploring conscious mental processes by asking subjects to look inward
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introspection
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problem with introspection
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not objective
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Freud
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interactionist
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interactionism
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combination of biology and environment make us who we are
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William James
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first American psychologists - hated methods of Wundt and Titchener - functionalism
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functionalism
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HOW does the mind produce behaviors?
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Watson and Skinner
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only focus on observable actions - behaviorism
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assumption that everything that happens has a cause or determinant in the observable world
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determinism
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industrial-organizational psychology
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examines aspects of behavior associated with the business field
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A study should always be
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repeatable
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Law of Parsimony
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simplest explanation is best
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genes affect the body through:
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influence on the production of protein molecules
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gene
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segment of a DNA molecules that contains the code for manufacturing a particular type of protein molecule
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each allele contains:
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1 version of a gene
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genotype
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set of genes individual inherits
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phenotype
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observable properties of the body and behavioral traits
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homozygous
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pair of genes occupying same locus on a pair of chromosomes are identical to each other
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heterozygous
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condition in which a pair of genes occupying the same locus on a pair of chromosomes are different from one another
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different genes that can occupy the same locus
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alleles
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genes can influence behavior by
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influencing development of particular areas of the brain
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pleiotrophy
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single gene has multiple effects on different phenotypes
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polygenic
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many genes affecting one phenotype
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epistatic
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genes can impact their influence by impacting sets of other genes
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attempt to explain behavior in terms of what it accomplishes for the behaving individual
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functionalism
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ultimate explanations
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functional explanations at the evolutionary level
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proximate explanations
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states stimuli and physiological mechanisms through which the behavior occurs
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states the survival or reproductive value of the behavior
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ultimate explanation
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genetic drift
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changes in traits over generations due to chance w/o natural selection
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homology
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similarity across species that exists because of common ancestry
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analogy
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similarity across species that exists from convergent evolution
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naturalistic fallacy
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equating natural with moral or right
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deterministic fallacy
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belief that genes control, or determine, behavior in a manner that is independent of environmental influences
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polygyny
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one male mates with more than one female
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polyandry
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one female mates with more than one male
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polygynandry
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orgy
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cooperation
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individual helps another while helping itself
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altruism
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individual helps another while decreasing its own survival chance or reproductive capacity
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motivation
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everything (inside or out) that causes an individual to behave in a particular way at a particular time
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need is established from a _____ and causes a _______
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deficit; drive
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_________is designed to acquire ________ that will relieve need
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response; goal
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primary motives
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based on biological needs that must be met for survival
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stimulus motives
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motives to provide info about the environment
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secondary motives
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learned
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homeostasis
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the constancy of internal conditions that the body must actively maintain
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regulatory drive
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helps preserve homeostasis
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nucleus accumbens
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crucial center for behavioral effects of rewards
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The need to develop one’s potential fully so you can have a rich and meaningful life and be the best person you can become
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self-actualization
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a set of neurons in which activity constitutes a dive
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central drive system
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hub of many central drive systems
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hypothalamus
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hormone secreted at a rate directly proportional to amount of fat in cells, reduces appetite
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leptin
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EEG waves - awake, nonattentive
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alpha waves
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EEG waves - awake, attentive
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beta waves
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EEG waves - deep sleep
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delta waves
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arousal theory of motivation
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ideal level of arousal for various activities; people behave in ways that keep arousal near this ideal level
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arousal
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variations in activation of the body and nervous system
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yerkes-dodson law
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optimal level of arousal or motivation is higher for a simple task than for a difficult task
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emotion
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subjective feeling that is mentally directed toward some object
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basic emotions
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happy, sad, fear, anger, surprise, disgust
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sadness usually reported as
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reaction to loss
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how to be happy person:
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happy parents, long-term decision making, strong connections with people, involved in activities
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emotions of fear and anxiety linked to the
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amygdala
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crying usually accompanied by
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increase in Sympathetic Nervous System
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assessing autonomic nervous activity can help
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measure emotions
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sympathetic nervous system
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arouses body for vigorous action
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parasympathetic nervous system
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calms the body down promoting rest
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Opponent-Process principle of emotion
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the removal of a stimulus that excited one emotion causes a swing an opposite emotion
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stimulus - perception - emotion - bodily arousalbear, interpretation of danger, fear, pounding heart
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common sense theory of emotion
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stimulus - perception - bodily arousal - emotionbear, interpretation of danger, pounding heart, fear
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james's theory of emotion
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james's theory of emotion
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body aroused before feel emotion
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Schachter's theory of emotion
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feeling of an emotion depends not just on sensory feedback pertaining to body's response but also on one's perceptions and thoughts about stimuli- physiological reaction only determines intensity of emotion, not type- cognitive appraisal determines type
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cognitive evaluation comes first and then the physiological, behavioral and feelings all happen at the same time
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Cannon-bard theory of emotion
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where appraisal of stimuli is made and execution of action is planned
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thalamus
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foremost portion of frontal lobe that is essential for full conscious experience of emotions and ability to act in deliberate ways based on those feelings
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pre-frontal cortex
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the _____ alerts the brain and body when emotion may be called for
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amygdala
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right/left prefrontal cortex - negative/positive emotions
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right - negativeleft - positive
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Skinner
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behaviorism; popularized the law of effect; operant conditioning without awareness
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Rogers and Maslow
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one's perception of reality is what really matters; emphasis on free will & self-actualization
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abnormal psychology
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concerned with variations in psychological traits that are extreme and disruptive - classified as mental disorders
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within-subject experiment
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different conditions of independent variable applied to each subject
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between-groups experiment
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different conditions applied across different groups of subjects
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heritability
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the proportion of phenotypic variance attributable to genotypic variance
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