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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Memory?
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The ability to store and retrieve information over time.
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What is Encoding?
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The process by which we transform what we perceive, think, or feel into an enduring memory
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What is Storage?
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The process of maintaining information in memory over time
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What is Retrieval?
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The process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored
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What is Elaborative Encoding?
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The process of actively relating new information to knowledge that is already in memory
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What is Sensory Memory?
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It is the automatic, immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system
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What is Short Term Memory?
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Activated memory that holds a few items briefly
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What is Long-Term Memory?
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The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
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What are the two main types of sensory memory?
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1. Iconic Memory
2. Echoic Memory |
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Sensory memory usually lasts for how long?
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Seconds!
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Who first found out about our sensory memory?
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Sperling!
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What was Sperling's procedure for measuring sensory memory?
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He showed a visual array very briefly, then asked for a partial report
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Who first found out about our echoic memory?
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Efron!
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What was Efron's observation?
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Sounds seem to linger in our minds!
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Olfactory senses get tied to memories as well but is it automatic or something we have to consciously think about?
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Automatic!
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What is the Inner Voice?
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A way humans recode/translate information
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What is the Inner Eye?
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Coding information visually!
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What is an example of evidence for the Inner Voice?
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Mistakes made during short-term recall tend to sound like the correct items
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What is an example of evidence for the Inner Eye?
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Judgements made based on mental images are similar to those based on actual pictures
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How can we prolong short-term memories?
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Rehearsal!
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Without rehearsal, short term memories disappear after how long?
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1-2 seconds!
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What is the capacity of short-term memory?
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7 plus or minus 2 items!
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What is Memory Span?
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Number of items that can be recalled from short-term memory, in order.
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What is the Serial Position Effect?
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We tend to remember certain things that are in the beginning and end of lists.
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What is the Primacy Effect?
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High recall for the beginning of a list
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What is the Recency Effect?
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High recall for the information at the end of a list
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The process of transforming information into a lasting memory is called what?
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Encoding!
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What is Sensory Memory Store?
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The place in which sensory information is kept for a few seconds or less
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What is Short-Term Memory Store?
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A place where nonsensory information is kept for more than a few seconds but less than a minute.
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What is Rehearsal?
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The process of keeping information in short-term memory by mentally repeating it
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What is Chunking?
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Combining small pieces of information into larger chunks that are more easily held in short-term memory
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What is Working Memory?
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Active maintenance of information in short-term storage
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What is Long-Term Memory Store?
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A place in which information can be kept for hours, days, weeks or years.
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What is Anterograde Amnesia?
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The inability to transfer new information from the short-term store into the long-term store
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What is Retrograde Amnesia?
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The inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particularly date, usually the date of an injury or operation.
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What are Flashbulb Memories?
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Rich records of the circumstances surrounding emotionally significant and surprising events
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Your brain lives in what kind of universe?
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MEOCENTRIC!
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What are the three types of long-term memory?
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1. Episodic Memory
2. Semantic Memory 3. Procedural Memory |
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What is Episodic Memory?
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Memory of a particular event or episode that happened to you personally.
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What is Semantic Memory?
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Knowledge about the world, stored as facts that make little to no reference to one's personal experiences
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What is Procedural Memory?
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Knowledge about how to do things like athletic skills
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What is the hardest pieces of information to get into long-term memory?
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Semantic Memories!
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What part of long-term memory is responsible for muscle memory?
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Procedural Memory!
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Procedural memory starts as what then moves to what?
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Starts as explicit but moves to implicit!
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Semantic Memory is ALWAYS what?
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EFFORTFUL!
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What are two other words meaning Automatic Processing?
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Implicit and Unconscious
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What is Automatic Processing?
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Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, frequency, or word meanings
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What is Effortful Processing?
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Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
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What is Elaboration?
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An encoding process that involves forming connections between to-be-remembered input and other information in memory
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Elaboration Encoding helps you do what later?
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Retrieve information later!
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What are 6 ways to promote elaboration?
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1. Think about meaning
2. Notice relationships 3. Notice differences 4. Form mental pictures 5. Space repetitions 6. Consider sequence position |
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Who used nonsense syllables to research how we encode information?
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Ebbinghaus!
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The more times nonsense syllables were practiced on day 1...
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The fewer repetitions to relearn on day 2!
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What is the Spacing Effect?
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Distributed practice yields better long-term retention than massed practice.
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What are three Encoding Strategies?
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1. Encoding Meaning
2. Acoustic Encoding 3. Visual Encoding |
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What is Imagery?
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Mental pictures that are powerful aids to effortful processing!
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What are Mnemonics?
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Memory aids that use vivid imagery and organizational devices!
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What is Reconstructive Remembering?
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We oftentimes tend to "fill in" parts of our memories based on past experiences and expectations
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What are the three types of Retrieval?
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1. Free Recall
2. Cued Recall 3. Recognition |
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What is Free Recall?
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Remembering information without explicit retrieval cues
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What are 6 ways to promote elaboration?
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1. Think about meaning
2. Notice relationships 3. Notice differences 4. Form mental pictures 5. Space repetitions 6. Consider sequence position |
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Who used nonsense syllables to research how we encode information?
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Ebbinghaus!
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The more times nonsense syllables were practiced on day 1...
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The fewer repetitions to relearn on day 2!
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What is the Spacing Effect?
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Distributed practice yields better long-term retention than massed practice.
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What are three Encoding Strategies?
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1. Encoding Meaning
2. Acoustic Encoding 3. Visual Encoding |
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What is Imagery?
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Mental pictures that are powerful aids to effortful processing!
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What are Mnemonics?
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Memory aids that use vivid imagery and organizational devices!
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What is Reconstructive Remembering?
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We oftentimes tend to "fill in" parts of our memories based on past experiences and expectations
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What are the three types of Retrieval?
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1. Free Recall
2. Cued Recall 3. Recognition |
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What is Free Recall?
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Remembering information without explicit retrieval cues
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What is Cued Recall?
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Remembering based on a cue
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Which recall produces substantially better performance?
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Cued Recall!
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What is Forgetting?
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Encoding failure!
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What is Schemas?
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Organized knowledge structure in long-term memory
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We sometimes do what to fit schemas?
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Distort memories!
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What are the 7 sins of forgetting?
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1. Transience
2. Absentmindedness 3. Blocking 4. Memory Mis-attribution 5. Suggestibility 6. Bias 7. Persistence |
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Of the 7 Sins, which are actual forgetting?
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Transience, absentmindedness, and Blocking
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Of the 7 Sings, which are actually distortions?
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Memory mis-atrributions, suggestibility, and bias
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What is Persistence?
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What we wish we could forget
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What is Transience?
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Forgetting what occurs with the passage of time
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What is Absentmindedness?
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Lapse in attention
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What is Blocking?
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Tip of the tongue - temporary inability to retrieve information
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What is Memory Misattribution?
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Assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source
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Sometimes we use what to fill in the blanks of memories?
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Stereotypes!
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What is Suggestibility?
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The tendency to incorporate information from external sources to personal recollection
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Loftus and Palmer discovered that speed estimates did what when they used the words "smashed" and "contacted"?
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Increased or decreased based on the word used!
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Reconstruction is probably adaptive, but can result in what?
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Memory errors
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What is Bias?
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Distorting influences of present knowledge, beliefs or feelings on recollection of past events
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What are the three main types of Bias?
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1. Consistency Bias
2. Change Bias 3. Egocentric Bias |
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What is Consistency Bias? Example?
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Past and present fit together. Eg: Downplaying normally calm Aunt's crazy behavior
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What is Change Bias? Example?
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Exaggerating difference. Eg: Normally calm Aunt ripped her clothes off even if she didn't
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What is Egocentric Bias? Example?
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Self-enhancing. Eg. Always remembering ourselves as best
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What is Long-Term Potentiation?
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Enhanced neural processing that results from the strengthening of synaptic connections
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What is State-Dependent Retrieval?
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The tendency for information to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval.
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What is Transfer-Appropriate Processing?
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The idea that memory is likely to transfer from one situation to another when we process information in a way that is appropriate to the retrieval cues that will be available later
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What is Priming?
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An enhanced ability to think of a stimulus, such as a word or object, as a result of a recent exposure to the stimulus.
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What is Retroactive Interference?
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Situations in which later learning impairs memory for information acquired earlier.
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What is Proactive Interference?
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Situations in which earlier learning impairs memory for information acquired later
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What is Prospective Memory?
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Remembering to do things in the future
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What is Source Memory?
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Recall of when, where, and how information was acquired
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