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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Sensation?
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Simple awareness due to the stimulation of a sense organ.
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What is Perception?
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The organization, identification, and interpretation of a sensation in order to form a mental representation
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What is Transduction?
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What takes place when many sensors in the body convert physical signals from the environment into neural signals sent to the CNS.
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Are Sensation and Perception separate events or two words for the same event?
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SEPARATE EVENTS!
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What is Psychophysics?
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Methods that measure the strength of a stimulus and the observer's sensitivity to that stimulus.
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What is Absolute Threshold?
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The minimal intensity needed to just barely detect a stimulus.
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What is Just Noticeable Difference (JND)?
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The minimal change in a stimulus that can just barely be detected.
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What is Weber's Law?
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The just noticeable difference of a stimulus is a constant proportion despite variations in intensity.
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What is Signal Detection Theory?
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An observation that the response to a stimulus depends both on a person's sensitivity te the stimulus in the presence of noise and on a person's response criterion.
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What is the most important sensory system the Human body has?
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Vision!
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Which sense do we use the most?
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Vision!
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What is the whole range of light called?
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Electromagnetic Energy
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What is the narrow part of the whole range of Electromagnetic Energy that we are able to see called?
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Visible Light Spectrums
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What are the three main properties of the Visible Light Spectrum?
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1. Wavelength
2. Intensity 3. Purity |
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Light enters the eye through what three things first?
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Cornea, pupil and lens
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What is the part of the eye that can recognize wavelength, intensity, and purity?
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Retina!
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What is the Retina?
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The Retina is the part of the eye that can recognize wavelength, intensity, and purity.
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What is the part of the eye that you see the best in?
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Fovea!
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What are the next stops of information from the optic nerve to the brain?
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Lateral Geniculate nucleus and Superior Colliculus
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From the lateral geniculate nucleus, messages are then relayed where?
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Parts of the occipital lobe that process vision
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The Visual Cortex picks out and identifies what? What is an example?
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Picks out components called features! Example: corners, bars of light at particular angles
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What is prosopagnosia?
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The inability to recognize faces
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Some feature detectors respond only to what?
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More complex patterns like moving bars, bars of certain length, etc.
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What is Perceptual Constancy?
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A perceptual principle stating that even as aspects of sensory signals change, perception remains constant.
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What is Trichromatic Theory?
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3 types of cones in the retina each maximally sensitive to the wavelengths Blue, Green, and Red
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In Trichromatic Theory, colors are sensed by comparing what?
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The amount of activation coming from each type
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Certain kinds of color blindness result from what?
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Result from having wrong kinds of photopigment in those particular cones.
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What talk to the brain even when they're not turned on?
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Cones!
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Does Trichromatic Theory explain everything about color vision?
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NO!
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Receptors in the visual system respond how?
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Positively to one color and negatively to that complementary color
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Perception depends on what two things?
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1. Context
2. Expectations |
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What is Bottom-Up processing?
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Physical messages delivered to the senses
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What is Top-Down processing?
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One's beliefs, expectations about the world - perception.
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Inborn tendencies tend to do what?
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Group visual information in certain ways (faces, for example)
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What is Grouping?
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The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups
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What are 5 Grouping Principles?
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1. Proximity
2. Similarity 3. Continuity 4. Closure 5. Connectedness-spots |
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What is Proximity in Grouping Principles?
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Group nearby figures together
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What is Similarity in Grouping Principles?
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Group figures that are similar
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What is Continuity in Grouping Principles?
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Perceive continuous patterns
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What is Closure in Grouping Principles?
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Fills in gaps (helps close our blindspot)
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What is Connectedness-Spots in Grouping Principles?
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Lines and areas are seen as unit when connected
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Before an object recognition can occur, what must happen first?
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Grouping of images must occur
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What are Monocular Depth Cues?
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Aspects of a scene that yield information about depth when viewed with only one eye
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What is Binocular Disparity?
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The difference in the retinal images of the two eyes that provides information about depth.
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What is Linear Perspective?
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Parallel lines seem to converge as they recede into the distance
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What is Texture Gradient?
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When you view a more or less uniformly pattern surface grows smaller as the surface recedes from the observer
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What is Interposition?
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Blocking object is closer than the blocked object
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What is Relative Height in the Image?
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Objects that are closer to you are lower in your visual field, while faraway objects are higher.
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What is Apparent Motion?
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The perception of movement as a result of alternating signals appearing in rapid succession in different locations.
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What is the Fovea?
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Part of the back of the eye where we see the best in. No peripheral vision here!
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What is Visual Acuity?
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The ability to see fine detail
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What are Cones?
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Photoreceptors that detect color in normal daylight conditions and allow us to focus on fine detail.
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What are Rods?
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Photoreceptors that become active only under low-light conditions for night vision.
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Does the Fovea contain any rods?
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NO.
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What is the Blind Spot?
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An area of the retina that contains neither rods nor cones and therefore has no mechanisms to sense light.
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What is Area V1?
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The part of the occipital lobe that contains the primary visual cortex
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What cells are Rods and Cones connected to?
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Bi-Polar Cells!
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Bi-polar cells are connected to what cells?
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Ganglion Cells!
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The axons of the ganglion cells bundle together and form what?
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The Optic Nerve!
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Bi-Polar Cells tell the brain what?
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Bi-Polar Cells tell the brain the true color by putting the pieces together.
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Ganglion cells take the information from the Bi-Polar Cells to form what?
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To form conclusions about edges/depth
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Ganglion Cells have receptive fields meaning what two things?
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1. Input received from a number of other cells
2. Responds only to a particular pattern |
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Where are Rods located in the Retina?
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Periphery!
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Where are Cones located in the Retina?
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Center!
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What is the Receptive Field?
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The region of the sensory surface that, when stimulated, causes a change in the firing rate of that neuron.
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Where do neural messages traveling to the brain via optic nerve split?
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Optic Chiasm!
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Information from the right visual field goes where?
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To the Left hemisphere and vice versa!
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