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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Empiricism?
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Any attempt to acquire knowledge by observing objects or events
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What is a Measure?
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A device that can detect the measurable events to which an operational definition refers
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What is a Method?
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A set of rules and techniques for observation that allow researchers to avoid mistakes that simple observation can produce
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What is an Operational Definition?
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A description of an abstract property in terms of a concrete condition (numbers) that can be measured.
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What is an Electromyograph (EMG)?
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A device that measures muscle contractions under the surface of a person's skin
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What is Validity?
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The characteristic of an observation that allows one to draw accurate inferences from it
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What is Reliability?
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The tendency for a measure to produce the same result whenever it is used to measure the same thing
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What is Power?
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The tendency for a measure to produce different results when it is used to measure different things.
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What is a Case Method?
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A method of gathering scientific knowledge by studying a single individual.
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What is a Population?
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The complete collection of participants who might possibly be measured.
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What is a Sample?
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The partial collection of people who actually were measured in a study
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What are Demand Characteristics?
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Those aspects of an observational setting that cause people to behave as they think an observer wants or expects them to behave
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What is Naturalistic Observation?
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A method of gathering scientific knowledge by unobtrusively observing people in their natural environments.
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What is a Double-Blind Observation?
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An observation whose true purpose is hidden from the researcher as well as from the participant.
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What is Correlation?
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The "co-relationship" or pattern of covariation between two variables each of which has been measured several times
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What is a Variable?
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A property whose value can vary or change
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How are Correlation and Causation related?
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THEY'RE NOT!
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What is the Third-Variable Correlation?
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The fact that two variables may be correlated only because they are both caused by a third variable
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What are Matched Pairs?
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An observational technique that involves matching each participant in the experimental group with a specific participant in the control group in order to eliminate the possibility that a third variable caused the changes in the DV
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What are Matched Samples?
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An observational technique that involves matching the average of the participants in the experimental group and control groups to eliminate the possibility that a third variable caused changes in the DV
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What is the Third-Variable Problem?
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The fact that the causal relationship between two variables cannot be inferred from the correlation between them because of the ever-present possibility of third-variable correlation
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What is an Experiment?
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A technique for establishing the causal relationship between variables
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What is the Independent Variable?
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The variable that is manipulated in an experiment
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What is the Experimental Group?
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One of the two groups of participants created by the manipulation of an IV in an experiment who are exposed to the stimulus being studied
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What is the Control Group?
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One of the two groups not being exposed to the stimulus being studied
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What is the Dependent Variable?
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The variable that is measured in a study
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What is Internal Validity?
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The characteristic of an experiment that allows one to draw accurate inferences about the causal relationship between IVs and DVs
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What is External Validity?
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The characteristic of an experiment in which the IVs and DVs are operationally defined in a normal, typical, or realistic way
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What is a Theory?
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A hypothetical account of how and why a phenomenon occurs, usually in the form of a statement about the causal relationship between two or more properties.
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Theories lead to what?
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Hypotheses!
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What is an Hypothesis?
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A specific and testable prediction that is usually derived from a theory
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What is Random Sampling?
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A technique for choosing participants that ensures that every member of a population has an equal chance of being included
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What is Informed Consent?
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A written agreement to participate in a study made by a person who has been informed of all the risks that participation may entail
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What is Debriefing?
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A verbal description of the true nature and purpose of a study that is provided to people after they have participated in a study
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What are the three things that make people hard to study?
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1. Complexity
2. Variability 3. Reactivity |
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Dogmatists do what?
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Dogmatists develop theories
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Empiricists do what?
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Empiricists make observations
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Hypotheses must be what?
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MUST be testable
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Hypotheses will contain what?
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Variables!
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All research must be what?
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Repeatable!
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What are four things that make something scientific?
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1. Acceptance of falsifiability
2. Reliance of empirical evidence 3. Can be replicated 4. Can make accurate predictions of what will happen in the future |
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What are the three main Research Designs?
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Description, Correlational, and Experimental
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What is the most basic research method?
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Descriptive Research!
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What is Descriptive Research?
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Describing your participants!
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In descriptive research, what type of data do you collect?
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Percentages and means!
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What does Correlational Research focus on?
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Relationships between variables
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What is co-variation?
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How two things relate
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Correlation is a pattern of what?
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Co-variation
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Correlation tells you what?
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Tells you that two variables are related NOT that one causes the other
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The correlation coefficient ranges from what to what?
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-1 to 1
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What is the Correlation Coefficient?
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Number which expresses the direction and strength of the relationship between two variables
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What is a Positive Correlation?
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As one variable goes up (or down!), so does the other. They are doing the same thing.
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What is a Negative Correlation?
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As one variable goes up, the other goes down. Variables are doing the opposite
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Strength is indicated by what?
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ABSOLUTE VALUE
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What is the correlation coefficient of a perfect positive correlation?
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1
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What is the correlation coefficient of a perfect negative correlation?
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-1
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What is the correlation coefficient of two variables having NO relationship?
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0
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What is the Experimental Research method?
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Researcher manipulates one variable under carefully controlled conditions and observes whether there are changes in a second variable
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Does correlational research allow causal interpretations?
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NO!
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Does experimental research allow causal interpretations?
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Yes!
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What is Construct Validity?
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Are you measuring what you say you are measuring?
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What is Predictive Validity?
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Causality
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If something correlates, what should the correlation coefficient be?
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Strong and positive!
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When you have more variables, what must you have?
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More people in the samples!
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What are the 5 Central Tendencies?
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1. Mean
2. Mode 3. Median 4. Standard Deviation 5. Range |
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What is the standard deviation?
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The average distance of scores from the mean
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The median is used to create what?
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Independent Variables!
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Experiments generally have how many curves?
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2!
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The bigger the standard deviation...
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The bigger the variability!
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What are Confounding Variables?
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Uncontrolled variables that change systematically with the IV
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What are 5 ways of reducing expectancies and biases during experiments?
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1. Mislead
2. Placebo 3. Control Group 4. Single Blind Studies 5. Double Blind Studies |
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What are 4 tools for Description research?
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1. Naturalistic observation
2. Case studies 3. percentages 4. Counts |
