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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Science of Human Development
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seeks to understand how and why people change or remain the same over time.
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Empirical
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Based on observation, experience, or experiment; not theoretical
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Dynamic-Systems Theory
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View of human development as always changing. Life is the product of ongoing interaction between the physical and emotional being between the person and every aspect of his or her enviorment, including the family and society. Flux is constant, and each change affects all others.
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Ecological-Systems Approach
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Vision of how human developemtn should be studied, with the person considered in all the contexts and interactions that constitute a life.
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Butterfly Effect
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The idea tha a small effect or thing can have a large impact if it happens to tip the balance, causing other changes that create a major event.
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Cohort
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Group of people who were born at about the same time and thus move through life together, experiencing the same historical events and cultural shifts
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Socioeconmic Status-SES
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Person's position in society as determined by income, wealth, occupation, education, place of residence, and other factors
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Ethnic Group
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People whose ancestors were born in the same region and who often share a language, culture, and religion
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Race
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Group of people who are regarded (by themselves or others) as genetically distinct from other groups on the basis of Physical apperance.
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Social Construction
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Idea that is built more on shared perceptions than on objective reality. Many age-related terms, such as childhood, adolescence, yuppies, & senior citizens are social constructions.
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Mirror Neurons
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Brain cells that respond to actions performed by someone else, as if the observer had done the action. EX: brains of dancers who witness another dancer moving are activated in the same movement areas as if they did the dance step themselves
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Scientific Method
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Way to answer questions that requires empirical research and data-based conclusions
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Hypothesis
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Specific prediction that is stated in such a way that it can be tested and either confirmed or refuted.
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Replication
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Using the same procedures on a similar(but not identical) group of participants, in order to verify, refine, or dispute the orginal study's conclusions
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Scientific Observation
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Method of testing a hypotheses by unobtrusively watching and recording participant's behavior in a systematic and objective manne, either in a laboratory or natural setting
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Independent Variable
(experimental variable) |
In an experiement, the variable that is introduece to see what effect it has on the dependet variable.
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Dependent Variable
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Inan experient the variable that may change as a result of whatever new condition or situation the experimenter adds. In other words, the dependent variable DEPENDS on the indepent variable
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Experimental Group
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Group of participants in a research study who experience some special treatment or condition(the independent variable)
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Comparison Group/Control Group
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Group of participants in a research study who are similar to the experimental group in all relevant ways but who do not experience the experimental condition (independent variable)
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Survey
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Research method in which information is collected from a large number of people by interviews, written questionaires, or some other means
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Case Study
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Research method in which one indivdual is studied intensively
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Cross-Sectional Research
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Research design that compares groups of people who differ in age but are similar in other important characteristics
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Longitudinal Research
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Research design in which the same individuals are followed over time and their development is repeatedly assessed
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Cross-Sequential Research
(cohort-sequential or time-sequential research) |
Hybrid research method in which researchers first study several groups of people of different ages (a cross-sectional) and then follow those groups over the years(a longitudinal approach)
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Correlation
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Number indicating the degree of releationship between two variables, expressed in terms of the likelihood that one variable will or will not occur when the other variable does or does not. A correlation is not an indication that one variable caused the other, only that the two variables are related to the indicated degree.
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Quantitative Research
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Research that provides data that aca be expressed with numbers, such as ranks or scales
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Qualitative Research
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Research that considers qualities instead of quantities. Descriptions of particular conditions and participants' expressed ideas are often part of qualitative studies
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Code of Ethics
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Set of moral principles that members of a profession or group are expected to follow
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