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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When trying to explain why people develop as they do, scientists usually consider 4 interactive forces. What are they?
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-Biological forces
-Psychological forces -Sociocultural forces -Life-cycle forces |
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Biological forces include:
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all genetic and health-related factors that affect development.
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Psychological forces include:
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all internal perceptual, cognitive, emotional, and personality factors that affect development.
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Sociocultural forces include:
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interpersonal, societal, cultural, and ethnic factors that affect development.
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Life-cycle forces reflect:
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reflect differences in how the same event affects people differently
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Biopsychosocial framework
emphasizes: |
emphasizes that human development is more than any one of the basic forces considered alone. Each force interacts with the others to make up development.
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What's an example of life-cycle forces?
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Example in the book about Jacqui (a 32 year old married woman) and Jenny (a 14-year-old) both getting pregnant and how that affects them differently.
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In human development, a "theory" is:
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an organized set of ideas that is designed to explain development.
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What is the perspective of Erikson's theory?
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Psychodynamic
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Watson and Skinner focused on the ________ perspective.
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Watson and Skinner focused on the Learning perspective.
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The main idea of the learning perspective is that...
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environment controls behavior
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The focus in the biopsychosocial framework of the learning perspective is...
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In all theories, -some emphasis on biological and psychological.
Major focus on social, little recognition of life cycle. |
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What's Piaget's and Kohlberg's perspective?
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Cognitive-Developmental
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Information-processing theory is part of the ________ perspective.
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Cognitive-Developmental
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Does the Information-processing theory focus on nature-nurture interaction?
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Yes.
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Piaget's theory (and extension) Kohlberg's moral reasoning theory are both part of the _________ perspective.
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Cognitive-Developmental
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For Piaget and Kohlberg, thinking develops in a ...
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sequence of stages
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For Piaget and Kohlberg, main emphasis is on (think of the biopsychosocial framework)...
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Main emphasis: biological and social forces
Less emphasis: psyhological Little emphasis: life cycle |
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Bronfenbrenner's theory is part of the __________ perspective.
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Ecological and Systems.
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Bronfenbrenner's theory's main idea:
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Developing person embedded in a series of interacting systems.
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Bronfenbrenner's theory''s emphasis in the biopsychosocial framework:
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Low emphasis on biological, psychological
Moderate emphasis on: life cycle Heavy emphasis on: social |
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Did Bronfenbrenner's theory focus on a nature-nurture reaction?
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Yes
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Bronfenbrenner's theory:
Continuity or discontinuity? Universal or context-specific? |
Continuity, context-specific
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Competence-environmental press (Lawton and Nahemow)'s theory is part of the ________ perspective.
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Ecological and Systems.
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Competence-environmental press (Lawton and Nahemow)'s theory's main idea is...
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Adaptation is optimal when ability and demands are in balance.
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Competence-environmental press (Lawton and Nahemow)'s theory's emphasis:
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Strong: biological, psychosocial, and social
Moderate: life cycle |
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Competence-environmental press (Lawton and Nahemow)'s theory:
Universal or context specific? Continuity or discontinuity? |
context specific, continuity
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Baltes' perspective was the _________ perspective.
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Life-span
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In the LIfe-Span and SOC perspective, the main idea is that:
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Development is multiply determined: optimization of goals.
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In the LIfe-Span and SOC perspective, the emphasis is on:
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Strong: interaction of all 4 forces; cannot consider any in isolation
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In the LIfe-Span and SOC perspective:
nature-nurture interaction? continuity or discontinuity? universal or context specific? |
nature-nurture? Yes
continuity or discontinuity? Both universal or context-specific? context-specific |
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Life course theory's main idea is:
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Life course transitions decreasingly tied to age; increased continuity over time; specific life paths across domains are interdependent.
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Life course theory's emphasis:
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Strong: psychological, sociocultural, life cycle
Less: biological |
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Positions on developmental issues in Life course theory:
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Nature-nurture interaction, both continuity and discontinuity, context-specific
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Psychodynamic theories propose that...
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human behavior is largely governed by hidden forces (internal and unconscious motives and drives). These influences shape every part of our lives.
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Psychodynamic theories postulate that development occurs in ..
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a sequence of stages.
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In Erikson's _________ theory, Erikson proposed that personality development is determine by the ...
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psychosocial theory,
interaction of an internal maturational plan and external societal demands. |
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Erikson proposed that the life cycle is...
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the life cycle is composed of 8 stages and that the order of these is biologically fixed.
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The sequence of stages in Erikson's theory is based on the ________ principle.
Explain what it is. |
-epigenetic principle
-means that each psychosocial strength hs its own special time of ascendancy or period of importance. |
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_________ was among the first psychologists to champion John Locke's view that the infant's mind is a blank slate on which experience writes.
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John Watson
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In Watson's view, _________ was all that mattered in determining the course of development.
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-experience is all that mattered in Watson's view
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Watson did little research to support his claims but ________ filled this gap.
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B.F. Skinner
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B.F. Skinner studied ...
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operant conditioning, in which the consequences of a behavior determine whether a behavior is repeated in the future. (reinforcement vs. punishment)
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Other than reinforcement and punishment, some people learn by...
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-imitation or observational learning!
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Albert Bandura based his ___________ theory on this more complex view of reward, punishment, and imitation.
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social cognitive theory
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Bandura argues that experience gives people a sense of...
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self-efficacy.
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In ecological theory proposes that _________ aspects of human development are ______.
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Ecological theory proposes that all aspects of human development are interconnected.
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What 4 levels does Bronfenbrenner divide the environment into?
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-microsystem
-mesosystem -exosystem -macrosystem |
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Microsystem consists of:
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the people and objects in an individual's immediate environment.
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Mesosystem;
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provides connections across microsystems, because what happens in one microsystem is likely to influence others.
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Exosystem refers to:
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refers to social settings that a person may not experience firsthand but that still influence development. (eg. changes in gov't policy regarding welfare...)
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Macrosystem:
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the subcultures and cultures in which the microsystem, mesosystem, and exosystem are embedded. (eg. Asian Canadians living in Vancouver or Italian Canadians living in Toronto)
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According to Lawton and Nahemow's ______________ theory is based on...
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competence-environmental, -how well people adapt depends on the match btwn their competence and the environmental press, or the demands put on them by the environment.
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"How well a child's social skills match her peer group's demands could account for whether she will be accepted by the peer group or not" What theory?
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Competence-Environmental Press Theory (Lawton and Nahemow)
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What's one criticism of most of the theories of human development considered in the textbook?
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They pay little or no specific attention to the adult years of the life span.
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Life-span perspective believes:
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human development is multiply determined and cannot be understood within the scope of a single framework.
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Who is most responsible for developing the life-span perspective?
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Matilda Riley
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Basic principles of the life-span perspective:
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-Aging is a lifelong process
-New patterns of development can cause social change. (eg. realization that physical punishment with children has many negative outcomes resulted in the passage of new laws...) -How one's life is played out is affected by social, environmental and historical change. |
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The life-span perspective divides human development into 2 phase. Which?
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an early phase (childhood and adolescence) and a later phase (young adulthood, middle age, and old age)
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Four key features of the life-span perspective:
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Multidirectionality
Plasticity Historical Context Multiple Causation |
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Multidirectionality (from life-span perspective)
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Development involves both growth and decline. As people grow in one area they may lose in another and at different rates.
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Plasticity (from life-span perspective)
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One's capacity is not predetermined or carved in stone. Many skills can be learned or improved with practice.
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Historical context (from life-span perspective)
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Each of us develops within a particular set of circumstances determined by the historical time in which we are born and the culture in which we grow up.
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Multiple causation (from the life-span perspective)
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How we develop results from biological, psychological, sociocultural, and life-cycle forces.
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According to ______, there is age-related reduction in _________
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-Baltes
-the amount and quality of biologically based resources as people grow older |
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According to ______, there is age-related increase in _________
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-Baltes
-the amount and quality of culture needed to generate continuously higher growth. |
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According to ______, there is age-related decline in _________
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-Baltes
-the efficiency with which cultural resources are used |
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According to ______, there is a lack of _________ for growing old.
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-Baltes
-There is a lack of cultural support structures for growing old. |
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The life-span perspective proposes an interaction between three processes:
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selection, compensation, and optimization
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Selection processes (life-span perspective) serve to...
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choose goals, life domains, and life tasks
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Optimization and compensation (life-span perspective) concern...
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maintaining or enhancing chosen goals
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Basic assumption of the selective optimization with compensation (SOC) model is...
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that the 3 processes form a system of behavioral action that generates and regulates development and aging.
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What is elective selection?
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-one chooses to reduce one's involvement to fewer domains as a result of new demands or tasks, such as when a college student drops out of some organizations due to the amount of work required in the courses she is taking that term.
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What is loss-based selection?
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When this reduced involvement happens as a result of anticipated losses in personal or environmental resources, such as when an older person stops going to church because he can no longer drive.
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What is compensation?
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When a person can no longer function well in a particular domain because the necessary behavioral skills have been lost of have fallen below the level necessary for adequate use.
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When a person compensates, she searches for...
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an alternative way to accomplish the goal: for example, if one loses the ability to drive to work, one might compensate by taking the bus.
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Optimization involves...
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the minimization of losses and the maximization of gains. The main idea is to find the best match possible between one's resources and one's desired goals.
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Example of the SOC model at work:
(musicians) |
Aging musicians may reduce the number of pieces they play (selection), rehearse them more often (optimization) or sing them in a lower key (compensation)
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The life-course perspective describes the ways in which...
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various generations experience the biological, psychological, and sociocultural forces of development in their respective historical contexts.
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A key feature of the life-course perspective is...
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the dynamic interplay between the individual and society.
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In the life-course perspective, the interplay between the individual and society creates 3 major dimensions, all of which involve timing, which underlie this life-course perspective:
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-The individual timing of life events in relation to external historical events.
-the synchronization of individual transitions with collective familial ones. -the impact of earlier life events, as shaped by historical events, on subsequent ones. |
