Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
How does soil texture affect water holding capacity? |
3 ingredients determine water holding capacity, clay, sand, and silt. Too much sand, water absorbs straight through, too much clay, water doesn't absorb. |
|
|
What are the root causes of erosion? |
Over cultivating, overgrazing, deforestation |
|
|
What are the immediate causes of soil erosion? |
Wind and rain |
|
|
How do you prevent erosion? |
Crop rotations, low-till/no-till agriculture, use organic fertilizer, terrace and contour planting, wind breaks and strip (alley) cropping |
|
|
What are benefits of organic vs. inorganic fertilizer? |
Inorganic does not build up topsoil, just replenishes soil that is there, organic farming does. |
|
|
Describe the environmental costs of agriculture |
fossil fuel, soil erosion, resistant pest varieties, groundwater depletion, water pollution |
|
|
What is the people-food predicament? |
Still a surplus of food but people can't afford to buy it or can't get it for other reasons (war). |
|
|
Kwashiorkor |
Protein deficiency |
|
|
Marasmus |
Overall depletion of protein and calories |
|
|
Xerophthalmia |
Deficiency of Vitamin A |
|
|
Anemia |
Deficiency of Iron |
|
|
Goiter |
Deficiency of Iodine |
|
|
Discuss the prospects for reducing world hunger |
Reducing post-harvest losses, eating lower on the food web, and possibly improving yields per acre |
|
|
Describe the steps in promoting sustainability in agriculture |
Minimize soil erosion, salinization and waterlogging, grow more perennial crops, reduce waste water in irrigation, reduce use and waste of fossil fuels, increase use of biological pest control and integrated pest management |
|
|
What is a pest? |
Any organism which adversely affects human interests |
|
|
List problems caused by pests |
Resource competition, sources of discomfort, vectors of disease |
|
|
What percent of conventionally grown (non-organic) food contained pesticide residues? |
70% |
|
|
Natural organic pesticides: |
chemicals extracted from plants |
|
|
Chlorinated hydrocarbons: |
DDT, stored in fat and persist in environment |
|
|
Organophosphates: |
Nerve toxins |
|
|
Carbamates: |
Similar to OP but less toxic |
|
|
Microbial agents and Bio controls |
living organisms or their toxins that kill pests |
|
|
List environmental impacts of pesticide use: |
developing resistance, killing of beneficial species, environmental contamination (groundwater, soil, species survival) |
|
|
List human health impacts of pesticide use |
Can be toxic to humans, can be taken into the body through the mouth, skin, or respiratory system, symptoms of acute exposure include headache, weakness, fatigue, dizziness |
|
|
What is the pesticide treadmill? |
The development of resistance means that pesticides will never destroy pests completely and this means that larger amounts or more potent pesticides must constantly be used to kill these pests |
|
|
Explain the concept of integrated pest management |
Aims to minimize the use of synthetic organic pesticides without jeopardizing the environment, goal is not to eradicate pests but to manage them and protect the environment |
|
|
List alternatives to chemical pest control |
Natural enemies, pathogens and parasites (BT), Sex attractants, sterile male technique, development of resistant host plant, crop rotation, sanitation |
|
|
What are some of the socioeconomic issues in pest management? |
Economic threshold, insurance spraying, cosmetic spraying, export of banned pesticides |
|
|
What are the concerns regarding food borne illnesses? |
Each year, cause 6-65 million cases of gastrointestinal illnesses, 125,000 hospitalizations, and 3000-9000 deaths. Novel pathogens are emerging, familiar ones resistant to treatment, total costs from food borne disease to US annually is $152 billion |
|
|
What are the food safety issues in food distribution? |
Receiving food from multiple countries, and from places where sanitation is not very good, when food comes a long way it has more time for bacteria to grow |
|
|
What are some of the new technologies applied to food? |
Irradiation, hormones in milk, genetically modified food |
|
|
Which national agencies are responsible for food protection? |
FDA, USDA, EPA |
|
|
It is estimated that food borne disease kills how many people in the US each year? |
3,000-9,000 |
|
|
Norovirus |
most common cause of gastroenteritis, spread via fecal from infected carrier, major problem on cruise ships. |
|
|
Salmonellosis |
most common bacterial food borne disease in US, associated with eating poultry, meat, or eggs. Symptoms, Abdominal pain, diarrhea, chills, fever, frequent vomiting and prostration |
|
|
Campylobacter |
Causes diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, nausea, and vomiting, symptoms last 2-5 days, sources include beef, chicken, and unpasteurized milk. |
|
|
Listeriosis |
Very dangerous to pregnant women and infants, most often associated with food processing plants and milk products, grows vigorously at low temps |
|
|
Staphylococcus aureus |
violent disease onset, found in cooked ham, salads of protein food, custard pastries, often thought to be the "24 hour flu" |
|
|
Botulism |
One of most serious bacterial food borne diseases, most frequently associated with home-canned, low acid foods, is considered a deadly poison |
|
|
E. Coli |
Commonly associated with raw or rare ground beef, unpasteurized milk, and contaminated water and dirty hands, highly infectious, 200-400 young or old people die from this disease each year |
|
|
Mad Cow Disease |
Progressive neurological disorder of cows, cause is thought to be a prion which is a type of infective protein. |
|
|
Food safety modernization act of 2011 gave FDA what 2 new powers? |
Shift from responding to food contamination to preventing them, strengthened oversight of imported food |
