Hsc 420 Exam #2

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Failure to respect this is often associated with harm to human health

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Human rights

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Assess Health policies, programs, and practices in terms of impact on human rights. Analyze and address the health impacts resulting from violations of human rights when considering ways to improve population health. Prioritize the Fulfillment of Human Rights

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The rights based approach

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Circumstances in which someone's rights may be temporarily suspended , suspension of Rights should be as narrow as possible , suspension should be carried out with due process and monitored

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Limits to human rights

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Most research studies do not

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Benefit the people who participate in them

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Conducted experiments on euthanasia victims and prisoners of War

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Nazi medical experiments

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There are questions as to whether it is ethical to use the data that they generated

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Nazis

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Us Public Health Service conducted a study on the natural history of syphilis in African American men. The study went on for 40 years. Subjects were never given treatment. Eventually led to regulations for the protection of human research subjects

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Tuskegee study

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Drug regimen given to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Some people thought that poor people were being exploited since the trials were taking place in low-income countries. Studies remain controversial

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The short-course AZT trials

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First document to specify ethical principles that should guide Physicians engaged in human research

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The Nuremberg code

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What states that voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential?

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The Nuremberg code

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Developed ethical principles to guide Physicians conducting biomedical research on humans. Principles apply equally to non-physicians

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The Declaration of Helsinki

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U.s. National commission for the protection of human subjects of biomedical and behavioral research. Identified basic ethical principles. Developed guidelines for research

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The Belmont report

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Social value, scientific validity, Fair subject selection, acceptable risk benefit ratio, informed consent, respect for enrolled subjects

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Clinical research protocol must satisfy these six conditions

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What are the three important issues when the subjects are likely to be poor, undereducated and without access to care?

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Standard of care, post-trial benefits, ancillary care

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Principles for Distributing scarce resources are often justified by at least one of these ethical principles

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Health maximization, equality, priority to the worst off, personal responsibility

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Transparency about how decisions are made Kama representation from stakeholders affected, appropriate use of scientific data

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Fair processes

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Transmitted from animal to animal, animal to human, or human to Human

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Communicable disease

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Spread and contracted through food, water, bodily fluids ,Vector inhalation ,non-traumatic contact, and traumatic contact

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Communicable disease

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Infectious disease mortality has declined in developed countries over the last

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Hundred and fifty years

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Infectious diseases account for at least this many death In developing countries

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Half

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When were the first cases of AIDS reported?

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1981

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When was AIDS first defined?

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1982

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When was HIV identified as the cause of AIDS? When did prevention efforts in developed countries begin?

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1983

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When was the first regiment to prevent mother-to-child transmission of AIDS developed?

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1994

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In this year, highly active antiretroviral treatment was launched and death rates from AIDS in developed countries started to plummet

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1996

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When was the world wide incidence Peak of AIDS?

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1997

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President of the World Bank

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Jim Kim

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Since 2003 these have been made available to all citizens in Botswana

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Antiretrovirals

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Excellent this has drastically reduced the HIV rate in infants in Botswana

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Pmtct

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Studies found that taking this was effective and safe for prevention of HIV infection among heterosexual men and women

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Tdf FTC

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What are the leading causes of death from communicable diseases?

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Lower respiratory infection, HIV, diarrheal diseases, tuberculosis malaria, measles

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Reduction of disease incidence, morbidity, or mortality to a locally acceptable level as a result of deliberate effort. Continued intervention required

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Control

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Reduction to zero of incidence of a disease in a Define geographic area. Continued intervention required

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Elimination of disease

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Reduction to zero of incidence of infection caused by a specific agent and a Define geographic area. Continued intervention required

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Elimination of infection

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Permanent reduction to zero of worldwide incidence of infection. Intervention no longer needed

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Eradication

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The specific infectious agent no longer exist in nature or in the laboratory

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Extinction

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For most infectious diseases and developing countries, only this is considered achievable at this time

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Control

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Polio is caused by this

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A virus

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This is caused by a virus. Causes paralysis of Limbs and breathing. Injectable and oral vaccines developed in the 19 fifties and sixties. Eliminated in the western hemisphere in 1991

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Polio

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Measles is caused by

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A virus

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This has a respiratory rate of infection. Easily transmitted in very infectious. Used to account for up to 30% of child deaths. Estimated at $500,000 from this in 2003 period young age and malnutrition are predictors of mortality. Vaccine is a live attenuated strain of the virus given between 6 and 15 months

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Measles

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There's a combined vaccine for these three diseases

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Diphtheria, pertussis tetanus

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This and this still has a number of deaths in developing countries

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Pertussis and tetanus

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This can never be eradicated because the spores are common and can live in the soil for many years

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Tetanus