Hsc 156 Exam 1

Front 1

Explain concept of sustainability

Back 1

Society continues on without depleting its resources by exceeding sustainable yields, and without producing pollutants beyond nature's capacity to absorb them

Front 2

What are the three types of resources?

Back 2

Renewable, potentially renewable, non-renewable

Front 3

What influenced the creation of the environmental movement?

Back 3

Realization that unique, wild aspects of US were disappearing, formation of environmental groups like the Sierra Club, after WWI, technological advances created an environmental crisis

Front 4

What book contributed to the creation of the EPA?

Back 4

Silent Spring by Rachel Carson

Front 5

Explain the concept of Environmental Unity

Back 5

Everything in the environment is connected and is part of a larger system

Front 6

What was main finding about Cichlids of Lake Victoria?

Back 6

Cichlids were very abundant, Nile perch introduced into lake, 65% of Cichlids driven to extinction

Front 7

What factors influenced the collapse of Easter Island?

Back 7

Cut down all the trees, this lead to soil erosion, overfishing, poor crops and eventually war which wiped out most of the population

Front 8

Define: Ecosystem

Back 8

A grouping of plants, animals, and microbes interacting with one another and with their environment in such a way as to perpetuate themselves.

Front 9

Define: Biome

Back 9

A group of similar or related ecosystems. Large region characterized by (1) a distinct climate and (2) specific forms of life adapted to it

Front 10

Define: Biosphere

Back 10

All the species on Earth and their environments

Front 11

Define: Habitat

Back 11

Kind of place where a species is biologically adapted to living

Front 12

Define: Niche

Back 12

Part of the habitat that includes what animal feeds on, where animal feeds, where animal finds shelter, where animal nests

Front 13

Describe current status of the Chesapeake Bay

Back 13

Largest estuary in the US, being polluted by chicken poop that flows into the bay which leads to growth of algae which use up all the oxygen

Front 14

What is a Keystone species?

Back 14

A species that has a large effect on a community or ecosystem

Front 15

What is the "competitive Exclusion Principle"?

Back 15

No two species who compete for the same resource can coexist in the same habitat for long

Front 16

What are the "categories of Organisms?"

Back 16

Producers (autotrophs) Consumers (heterotrophs) and Detritus feeders and decomposers (also heterotrophs)

Front 17

How do Abiotic factors influence ecosystems?

Back 17

Abiotic factors determine the types of species an ecosystem will contain

Front 18

Explain the law of limiting factors

Back 18

Any one factor being outside the optimal range will cause stress and limit the growth, reproduction, or even survival of the population

Front 19

What two factors determine climate?

Back 19

Average temperature and average precipitation

Front 20

Explain concept of energy transfer and energy pyramids

Back 20

You need many more producers to support primary consumers, and many more primary consumers to support secondary and tertiary consumers

Front 21

Explain "mutualism"

Back 21

Also known as symbiosis, when two species interact in ways that benefit each other

Front 22

Which 3 biomes are most productive?

Back 22

Estuaries, Swamps & marshes, tropical rainforest

Front 23

What are the 2 reasons for the population increases?

Back 23

Birth rates have declined only slightly, mortality rates have decreased

Front 24

What factors contributed to the reduction in mortality rates?

Back 24

Improved sanitation/personal hygiene, nutritional/diet improvements, vaccinations, antibiotics/improved medical tech

Front 25

What are two of the best indicators of the health of a country?

Back 25

Infant mortality rate and life expectancy from birth

Front 26

Define: Crude birth rates

Back 26

Number of babies born per 1000 people per year

Front 27

Define: Crude death rates

Back 27

Annual number of deaths per 1000 people

Front 28

Define: Total fertility rate

Back 28

The average number of kids a woman has over her lifetime

Front 29

Define: Replacement fertility

Back 29

Fertility rate which will just replace population of parents

Front 30

According to the UN, the recent drop in worldwide fertility rates was due to which 2 factors?

Back 30

Delay in marriage, and birth control

Front 31

Explain Malthusian theory of overpopulation

Back 31

Excess population causes all other problems

Front 32

Explain Marxian theory of overpopulation

Back 32

Unequal resource distribution and exploitation of poor leads to all other problems

Front 33

Describe the poverty cycle

Back 33

Lack of birth control leads to high fertility, leads to more people using resources, leads to poverty, leads to overuse of resources, leads to environmental degradation, leads to wanting more children to gather resources and restarts

Front 34

What is meant by the "Demographic transition?"

Back 34

The falling of both birth and death rates. Assumption is that as people gain money and security, they will voluntarily lower their fertility rates.

Front 35

What are the 2 basic approaches to population control?

Back 35

Birth control and economic development

Front 36

What is ZPG?

Back 36

Zero population growth

Front 37

Describe the family planning movement

Back 37

"Fruits of Philosophy" book by Dr. Charles Knowlton about birth control, development of the diaphragm in 1840, Birth control clinics in 1916

Front 38

Who was Margaret Sanger?

Back 38

Founded what is now "Planned Parenthood" birth control activist, opened up first birth control clinic

Front 39

List the 5 key elements to solve the poverty-population crisis

Back 39

1. Education

2. Improving Health

3. Making contraceptives available

4. Enhancing income

5. Improving resource management

Front 40

What is micro-lending?

Back 40

Lending of small amounts of money to people in poor/developing countries in order to start some sort of business that will generate income