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117 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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obesity |
when a person's weight is 20% or more above normal weight or their BMI is over 30 |
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BMI |
body mass index (weight normalized to height)
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underweight BMI |
<18.5 |
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normal BMI |
18.5-24.9 |
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overweight BMI |
25.0-29.9 |
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class 1 obesity BMI |
30.0-34.9 |
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class 2 obesity BMI |
35.0-39.9 |
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class 3 obesity BMI |
>40.0 |
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BMI calculation |
wt/(ht)^2 kg/(m)^2 ** lbs/(in)^2*703 *** |
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% overweight calculation |
scale weight-ideal weight/ideal weight x 100 |
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% overweight : acceptable % |
0-10 |
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% overweight : overweight % |
10-20 |
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% overweight : class 1 obesity % |
20-40 |
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% overweight : class 2 obesity % |
40-100 |
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% overweight : class 3 obesity % |
>100 |
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epidemiology |
the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events (including disease) |
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NHANES |
program of studies designed to assess the health and nutritional status of adults and children in the US - combines interviews and physical examinations - since the early 1960's, surveyed over 140,000 people |
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______ of the US is obese |
1/3 |
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_____% of children are obese |
16 |
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Nauru - _____ of the population is obese |
80 |
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Nauru - ___/5 have obesity |
4 |
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Nauru - located where? |
South Pacific (polynesia) |
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Nauru - what % of men and women are overweight/obese? |
97% men and 93% women |
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Nauru - what diseases are associated with obesity? |
diabetes, heart disease, cancer |
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Nauru - what is the main reason for increased obesity? |
western diet |
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Nauru - what are other reasons for obesity in this country? |
sedentary lifestyles, inadequate health education, cultural (size and wealth relationship) |
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Nauru - what activity do health officials encourage on the island? |
walk around the 3 mile airport (the island is only 8 miles in diameter) |
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body composition measurement |
- identify normality/disease by determining if body composition differs from what should be - understanding these changes that occur in disease help in the development of effective treatment and interventions - examples of disease indicators in body composition: > unfavorable fat accumulation in obesity > reductions of FFM and fat mass in malnutrition > reduction in bone density in osteoporosis |
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body composition in athletes |
- body comp is a better indicator of fitness than body size and weight - being overfat has a (-) impact on athletic performance - standard height-weight tables do not provide accurate estimates of what an athlete should weigh b/c they do not take into account composition of weight |
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Body composition: what makes an ideal method |
- minimal measurement error - be applicable to all - minimal technical training and subject cooperation - appropriate for the setting - inexpansive |
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anthropometric |
1. BMI 2. circumference measurements 3. skinfolds (%BF = (495/BD) |
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multicomponent (body comp) |
1. bioimpedance analysis 2. hydrodensitometry 3. air plethysmography |
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fat-free mass |
composed of all the body's nonfat tissue including bone, muscle, organs, connective tissue |
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lean body mass |
includes all fat-free mass along with essential fat - difficult to measure so the fat mass/fat-free mass model is most often used |
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BIA |
measures the H2O content of the body - influence of hydration level - dehydration will increase score - not as good a predictor as skin folds |
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hydrodensitometry |
underwater weighing - based on body density - fat-tissue is less dense than fat-free tissue - considered the gold standard** |
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air plethysmography |
bodpod - uses air displacement to determine body volume and density - body volume can be used to calculate body density |
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imaging (MRI) |
used to quantify the distribution of adipose |
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morbidity |
the proportion of sickness or of a specific disease in a population |
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comorbidity |
occurrence of 2 or more diseases at the same time |
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mortality |
relative frequency of death in a population |
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comorbidities |
1. cardiovascular disease 2. hypertension 3. cancer 4. gall bladder disease 5. type 2 diabetes 6. metabolic syndrome 7. osteoarthritis 8. sleep apnea 9. polycystic ovary syndrome |
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coronary heart disease |
disease of the blood vessels supplying the heart muscle |
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cerebrovascular disease |
disease of the blood vessels supplying the brain |
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peripheral arterial disease |
disease of blood vessels supplying the arms and legs |
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rheumatic heart disease |
damage to the heart muscle and heart valves from rheumatic fever, caused by streptococcal bacteria |
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congenital heart disease |
malformations of heart structure existing at birth |
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deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism |
blood clots in the leg veins, which can dislodge and move to the heart and lungs |
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more people die from ______ than from any other cause |
CVD's |
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what is problematic about CVD's? |
heart attacks and strokes |
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a heart attack or stroke may be the _____ of underlying disease |
1st warning |
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hypertension - "the ___________ " |
silent killer |
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normal BP |
less than 120 AND less than 80 |
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prehypertension BP |
120-139 or 80-89 |
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high BP (I) |
140-159 or 90-99 |
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high BP (II) |
160+ 0r 100 or higher |
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hypertensive critical BP |
>180 or >110 |
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how does high BP hurt the arteries? |
1. high BP damages the wall of the arteries 2. damaged arteries trap more plague 3. high BP speeds up hardening of the arteries |
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damaged and hardened arteries can lead to? |
1. damaged organs 2. blood clots |
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epidemiological studies |
have shown a correlation between body weight and blood pressure |
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type 2 diabetes: diabetes develops when... |
1. the body docent make enough insulin 2. is not able to use insulin effectively 3. both |
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type 2 diabetes: makes up about ___ % of cases |
90 |
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type 2 diabetes: __________ is thought to be the primary cause of type 2 diabetes in people who are genitically predisposed to the disease |
obesity |
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type 2 diabetes: _____ leading cause of death in the US |
5th |
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type 2 diabetes: ______ million people undiagnosed |
7.0 |
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type 2 diabetes: ______% of people have it |
90-95% |
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type 2 diabetes: ______ helps blood sugar (glucose) enter the cell |
insulin |
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type 2 diabetes: ______ of type 2 diabetes are overweight |
70-80% |
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relationship between BMI and type 2 diabetes shown to be _________ than any other comorbidity |
stronger |
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cancer |
broad group of diseases involving unregulated cell growth |
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cancer: malignant |
invade nearby part of the body |
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cancer: benign |
do not invade neighboring parts of the body |
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cancer: an estimated ____ out of ___ cancer deaths in the US is linked to excess body weight, poor nutrition, and/or physical inactivity |
1 out of 3 |
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cancer: excess body weight contributes to as many as ___ out of 5 of all cancer-related deaths |
1 out of 5 |
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does body weight affect cancer risk? |
being overweight/obese is clearly linked with an increased risk of many cancers, including cancers of the breast, colon and rectum, endometrium, esophagus |
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the timing of weight gain might also affect _______ risk |
cancer |
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excess body fat might affect: |
1. immune system function and inflammation 2. levels of certain hormones (insulin, estrogen) 3. factors that regulate cell division, such as IGF-1 4. proteins that influence how the body uses certain hormones, such as sex hormone-binding globulin |
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arthritis |
a joint disorder that involves inflammation of one or more joints |
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osteoarthritis |
caused by the breakdown and eventual loss of the cartilage of one or more joints ("wear and tear") |
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rheumatoid |
inflammatory type that happens when the body's immune system does not work properly |
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osteoarthritis: a.k.a ____________ |
degenerative arthritis |
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osteoarthritis: what happens? |
cartilage deterioates and if enough, bone rubs against bone, causing pain and reducing range of motion |
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nonalcoholic fatty liver disease |
number of vital functions in the body related to metabolism, digestion, and detoxification |
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NAFLD - the accumulation ........ |
the accumulation of fat in the liver (conventionally set as more than 5% by weight) - in the absence of secondary causes (increase alcohol consumption) |
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diagnosis of NAFLD |
is commonly based on imaging studies (MRI, CT) - elevated liver enzymes |
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prevalence of NAFLD |
- up to 30% of the general population is affected - children and adolescents - 5-10% - can reach up to 75% in morbidly obese population - less common in African Americans compared with caucasians |
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pathogenesis of NAFLD |
- 3 major sources for hepatic fatty acids > white adipose tissue > hepatic de novo lipogenesis > diet |
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pathogenesis of NAFLD: ______ plays a central role as both victim AND culprit in obesity-related disorders and diabetes |
liver |
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pathogenesis of NAFLD: ___________ of the WAT results in increase fatty acid flux to the liver with subsequent fat deposition in hepatocytes |
insulin resistance |
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NAFLD treatment: avoiding food containing _______ and ________ is recommended |
high fructose corn syrup trans-fat |
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NAFLD treatment: ___________ at least 30-45 minutes daily |
aerobic exercise |
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NAFLD treatment: ___________ leads to improvement |
weight-loss surgery |
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Gall Bladder disease : the gall bladder |
the gall bladder is a pear-shaped organ below the liver that stores the bile secreted |
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gall bladder disease: bile |
a watery liquid made by the cells of the liver that is important for digesting food in the intestine, particularly fat |
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gall bladder disease: gall stones |
form in the bile within the gallbladder |
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prevalence of gall bladder disease |
common (approximately 20% in females) - occur more in american indians - increases with age |
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who is at risk for gall bladder disease |
- pregnancy: increases the risk for cholesterol gallstones - chrons disease: the terminal ileum is diseased and bile acids are not absorbed normally - increases blood triglycerides - obesity: obese individuals are more likely to form gallstones than thin individuals |
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gallstones and obesity |
increases the risk of gallstones and gallbladder disease at BMI >25 - during drastic weight loss there is also an increased risk of gallstone formation |
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complications of gallbladder disease |
- majority of people with gallstones have no signs or symptoms and are unaware of their gallstones |
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complications of gallbladder disease: biliary colic |
- very specific type of pain, occurring as the primary or only symptom in 80% of people, occurs when hepatic duct or common bile duct are suddenly blocked by a gallstone
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complications of gallbladder disease: cholecystitis |
inflammation of the gallbladder, caused by sudden obstruction of the ducts by a gallstone (usually cystic duct) |
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complications of gallbladder disease: cholangitis |
bile in the ducts becomes infected, the infection spreads through the ducts from the intestine after the ducts become obstructed by a gallstone |
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complications of gallbladder disease: gangrene |
the inflammation of cholecystitis cuts off the supply of blood to the gallbladder |
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complications of gallbladder disease: jaundice |
prolonged obstruction of the bile ducts and bilirubin accumulates in the body, a build-up of bilirubin in the body turns the skin and whites of the eye yellow |
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complications of gallbladder disease: pancreatitis |
inflammation of the pancreas, flow of pancreatic juice from the pancreas is blocked |
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complications of gallbladder disease: sepsis |
bacteria from any source within the body enter into the blood stream and spread throughout the body |
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complications of gallbladder disease: fistula |
abnormal tract between organs |
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complications of gallbladder disease: illeus |
there is an obstruction to the flow of food, gas, and liquid within the intestine |
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complications of gallbladder disease: cancer |
arises in less that 1% of individuals with gallstones |
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treatment for gallbladder disease |
1. surgically removed 2. broken up by lasers 3. oral solutions |
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sleep apnea |
brief periods of hypoventilation during sleep - predicted by upper body obesity - impaired alertness during the day - interferes with quality and quantity of sleep - risk for premature death |
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treatment for sleep apnea |
- weight loss - oral appliances - continuous (+) airway pressure - CPAP - surgery - playing musical instruments - cannabis derivatives - THC might stabilize respirations |
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polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) |
complex syndrome with multifacturial causes - common endocrine disorder and a leading cause of female sub fertility - affects 5-10% of women of reproductive age |
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PCOS - Rotterdam criteria (must have 2 of the 3) |
1. oligomenorrhea 2. clinical manifestations of androgen excess and/or elevated levels of circulatory androgens 3. polycystic ovaries on ultrasound evaluation |
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complaints of PCOS |
- irregular menses - hirsutism - acanthosis nigricans - resistant acne - alopecia - weight gain - trouble losing weight |
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PCOS and obesity |
- obesity not considered primary cause - 70-90% of those with PCOS are obese |
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acanthosis nigricans |
- skin condition associated with obesity and elevated insulin levels - dermal hyperplasia - located frequently in rear base of neck, armpit, front of elbow, over joints, beltline - associated with skin tags - marking can help identify persons at risk of developing diabetes |
