Host Defenses, Disorders In Immunity

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innate

Back 1

born with

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cytokines

Back 2

chemical produced by white blood cells and tissue cells that regulates development,

inflammation and immunity

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function of the skin in immunity

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ex. of 1st line of defense - epithelial cells impregnated with keratin (thick, tough layer, impervious and waterproof) few pathogens can penetrate unbroken layer

2nd line of defense (chemical) - acidic pH level

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mucous membranes

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ex. of 1st line of defense - digestive, urinary and respiratory tracts, and of the eye; moist and permeable, protection w/out keratinized layer. mucous coat impedes the entry and attachment of bacteria

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lysozyme

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found in tears and saliva

hydrolyzes peptidoglycan in the cell walls of bacteria

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leukocytes

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white blood cells

primary infection-fighting blood cells

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granulocytes

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a mature leukocyte that contains prominent cytoplasmic granules

examples include neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

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neutrophils

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mature granulocyte - 50-90%

produces antimicrobial peptides

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basophils

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a motile leukocyte that bind IgE; contains mediators of anaphylaxis and atrophy

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eosinophils

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granulocyte composed of digestive enzymes & antimicrobial peptides;

important in defense against helminths

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monocytes/macrophages

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phagocytic; process foreign molecules (antigens) and present them to lymphocytes

use antimicrobial peptides in host defense

most are "wanderers" but some land in specific tissues and become tissue-specific

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antigen

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anything that stimulates an immune response and can bind to antibodies

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lymphocytes

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type of agranulocytes

include: T Cells - kills foreign cells

and B Cells - produce antibodies

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cytolysis

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the breakdown or destruction of cells due to lysis

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vasodilation

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increased diameter of blood vessels

occurs in the 2nd stage of inflammation - blood flow increases plasma is leaked from blood vessels

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antimicrobial peptides

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short protein molecules found in epithelial cells

have the ability to kill bacteria by inserting themselves into bacterial membranes