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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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humoral and cellular immunity
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what are the two branches of adaptive immunity ?
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humoral immunity
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- contains soluble components
- antibodies made by B lymphocytes - mature in bone marrow |
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extracellular pathogens
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humoral immunity mostly respond to what?
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cellular immunity
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- includes specialized lymphocytes
- mature in thymus - contains T lymphocytes |
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intracellular pathogens
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cellular immunity mostly respond to what kind of pathogen?
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antigens
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foreign particles recognized by the immune system as nonself
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antigens
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generate a highly specific immune response
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epitopes
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specific regions on an antigen that a particular antibody recognizes
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antigenic or immunogenic
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epitopes are what, which can elicit an immune response?
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antigen presenting cells
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cells that engulf antigens, process them with enzymes, and displays the specific epitopes on their surface
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dendritic cells, activated macrophages, and B cells
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Antigen presenting cells include what?
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antigen presenting cells
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can non-specifically engulf all or part of a pathogen and then display epitopes on surface for immune cells to ID
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major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
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processed epitopes are complexed with a self molecule
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endogenous antigens
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MHC I + ? = produced inside host cell
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exogenous antigens
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MHC II + ? = produced outside of host cell
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cell-mediated response
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MHC I + epitope = what?
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humoral response
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MHC II + epitope leads to what?
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antibody
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- recognize and bind to the antigen
- AKA immunoglobin |
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B lymphocytes
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antibodies are made out of what?
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IgG
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- monomer
- ~80% of all antibodies in serum - long-lived immunity |
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IgG
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- MAJOR circulatory antibody
- can readily leave blood vessels to enter tissues - protects against circulating bacteria and toxins, viruses, helps trigger complement system, enhances phagocytosis |
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IgM
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- pentamer
- can't readily leave blood vessels - short-lived immunity |
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IgM
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which antibody appears first in primary response to infection
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antibody
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soluble, globular, proteins made in response to a specific antigen
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IgA
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- dimer
- most abundant in the body - most common antibiotic in mucous membrane |
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IgA
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- short-lived
- prevent microbe attachment to mucosal surfaces which equals to respiratory and intestinal pathogens - in serum, acts as a monomer |
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IgD
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- monomer
- abundant on B cell surfaces - found in blood, lymph - assists in B cell in immune response |
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IgE
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- monomer
- constant regions bind tightly to basophils and mast cells - major part of allergic reactions |
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IgE
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like eosinophils, this antibiotic plays a role in large parasite infections
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IgE
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encourage complement, phagocytic cells to bind
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- agglutination
- opsonization - neutralization - antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) - activation of complement system |
what are the functions of antibodies?
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T helper (CD4+) cells and T cytotoxic (CD8+) cells
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what are the two main types of T cells?
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T cell receptors
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T cells have different what along with glycoproteins that help recognize MHC I and II
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MHC II - Ag
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T helper cells recognize what presented by B cells/other antigen presenting cells
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MHC I-Ag
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T cytotoxic cells recognize what presented by any cell infected by an intracellular pathogen?
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T helper (CD4+) cells
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- require APCs and MHC II-Ag to be activated
- require to activate both cellular and humoral immunity - e.g. HIV |
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TH1
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produce cytokines that
- activate macrophages - stimulate differentiation of cytotoxic T cells - stimulate some antibody production |
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TH2
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stimulate B cell activation/antibody production
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T regulatory cells
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- suppress recognizing T cells that escape the thymus
- protect intestinal microbiota from immune system |
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cytotoxic (CD8+) cells
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- primarily recognize and kill self-cells altered by infection with viruses especially
- can't attack and kill cells just like that |
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attach and kill cells
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cytotoxic T cells must first be activated into a cytotoxic lymphocytes by complex interactions with APCs and TH cells in order to do what?
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agglutination
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- antibodies clump antigens together
- two antigen-binding sites on one antibody can bind two different epitopes - reduces number of infectious units to deal with - IgM is great at this! |
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opsonization
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- coats antigens to enhance phagocytosis
- phagocytes can recognize and easily bind to constant region |
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neutralization
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- inactivate microbes by coating, preventing attachment to host cells
- can do this to toxins, which neutralizes ability to harm host - IgG is great at this! |
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ADCC
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- pathogen cells remain external to host cells
- destroyed by degradative enzymes/compounds that poke holes in cell membrane - occur in large parasites - antigens coated w/ antibodies like opsonization |
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activation of complement system
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- enhance activation of complement cascade
- complement proteins recognize constant regions of some antibodies, leading to lysis of microbe - also lead to more inflammation |
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opsonization
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complement and antibodies can work together to aid in what?
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antigen-binding sites
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- sites that bind to epitopes
- each antibody has two |
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heavy and light chains.
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each antibody is composed of four proteins which include two identical what and what?
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hinge region
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antibodies are flexible because of what?
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variable regions
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two sites at the end of the "Y" that bind to specific epitopes of the antibody
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constant region
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the stem of the "Y" and the lower part of each arm of the antibody
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