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36 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Allergy, hypersensitivity
Allergy (hypersensitivity) –

an exaggerated, misdirected expression of immune responses

Slide #3
Autoimmunity
Autoimmunity –

abnormal responses to self Ag

Slide #3
Immunodeficiency
Immunodeficiency –

deficiency or loss of immunity

Slide #3
Cancer
Cancer –

results from a lack of surveillance

Slide #3
Type I (Hypersensitivity)
Type I (Hypersensitivity)

(1) Atopy
(2) Anaphylaxis

Slide #6
Atopy
Atopy –

any chronic local allergy such as hay fever or asthma

Slide # 6
Anaphylaxis
Anaphylaxis –

a systemic, often explosive reaction that involves airway obstruction and circulatory collapse

Slide #6
Mechanism of Type I
Mechanism of Type I

(1) sensitizing dose
(2) provocative dose

Slide #7
Sensitizing dose
Sensitizing dose –

on first contact with allergen, specific B cells form IgE which attaches to mast cells and basophils

Slide # 7
Provocative dose
Provocative dose -

subsequent exposure with the same allergen binds to the IgE-mast cell complex

Slide #7
Mast Cells
Mast cells -

are located in the connective tissue of virtually all organs; high conc. in lungs, skin, GI and genital tract

Slide #8
Basophils
Basophils -

circulate in blood, migrate into tissues

Slide #8
Systemic Anaphylaxis
Systemic Anaphylaxis-


(1) Sudden respiratory and circulatory disruption that can be fatal in a few minutes
(2) Allergen and route are variable
(3) Bee stings, antibiotics or serum injection

Slide #12
Type II Hypersensitivity
Type II Hypersensitivity

(1) Reactions that lyse foreign cells
(2) Involve antibodies, complement, leading to lysis of foreign cells
(3) Transfusion reactions
(a) ABO blood groups
(b)Rh factor – hemolytic disease of the newborn

Slide #15
Type III Hypersensitivity
Type III Hypersensitivity

(1) A large quantity of soluble foreign Ag stimulates Ab that produce small, soluble Ag-Ab complexes
(2) Immune complexes become trapped in tissues & incite a damaging inflammatory response
(a) Arthus reaction
(b) Serum sickness

Slide #20
Arthus reaction
Arthus reaction –

local reaction to series of injected Ag to same body site

Slide #20
Serum sickness
Serum sickness –

systemic disease resulting from repeated injections of foreign proteins

Slide #20
Autoimmunity
Autoimmunity

(1) In certain type I & II hypersensitivities, the immune system has lost tolerance to self molecules and forms autoantibodies and sensitized T cells against them.
(2) More common in females
(3) Disruption of function can be systemic or organic specific

Slide #22
Type IV Hypersensitivity
Type IV Hypersensitivity

(1) Cell-mediated
(2) A delayed response to Ag involving activation of and damage by T cells
(3) Delayed allergic response
(4) Graft rejection

Slide #27
Delayed allergic response
Delayed allergic response –

(1) skin response to allergens (ex: tuberculin skin test, contact dermititis from plants, metals, cosmetics)
Graft Rejection
Graft rejection –

(1) reaction of cytotoxic T cells directed against foreign cells of a grafted tissue
(2) involves recognition of foreign
HLA

Slide #27
Immunodeficiency diseases
Immunodeficiency diseases -


(1) Components of the immune response system are absent.
(2) Deficiencies involve B and T cells, phagocytes, and complement

Slide #31
Primary immunodeficiency
Primary immunodeficiency –

genetically based congenital lack of B-cell and/or T cell activity

Slide #31
B cell defect
B cell defect –

agammaglobulinemia – patient lacks antibodies

Slide #31
T cell defect
T cell defect –

thymus is missing or abnormal

Slide #31
Severe combined immunodeficiency
Severe combined immunodeficiency -

both limbs of lymphocyte system are missing or defective; no adaptive immune response

Slide #31
Secondary (acquired) immune deficiency
Secondary (acquired) immune deficiency –

due to damage after birth (infections, drugs, radiation) AIDS

Slide #31
Cancer
Cancer -


(1) Overgrowth of abnormal tissue arises due to malfunction of immune surveillance
(2) Tumors may be benign (nonspreading) or malignant (a cancer) that spreads from tissue of origin to other sites
(3) Malignant tumors
(4) occur in nearly every cell type

Slide #33
Characteristics of cancerous growths
Characteristics of cancerous growths

(1) Disorganized behavior and independence from surrounding normal tissues
(2) Permanent loss of cell differentiation
(3) Expression of special markers on their surface

Slide #34
Interrelationship between genes and cancer
Interrelationship between genes and cancer

(1) Cancer cell often have damaged chromosomes
(2) A specific alteration in a gene can lead to cancer
(3) Predisposition for some cancers is inherited
(4) Rates of cancer are highest in individuals who cannot repair damaged DNA
(5) Mutagenic agents cause cancer
(6) Cells contain genes that can be transformed to cancer-causing oncogenes
(7) Tumor-supressor genes exist in the normal genome

Slide #35
Mechanism of Cancer
Mechanism of Cancer

(1) Some type of gene alteration turns a normal gene (proto-oncogene) that regulates the onset of mitosis into an oncogene
(2) The oncogene overrides normal mitotic controls and cause the cell to divide continuously
(3) Tumor suppressor genes may be missing or inactivated

Slide #36
Carcinomas
Carcinomas -

originate from epithelial tissue

Slide #33
Sarcomas
Sarcomas -

originate from embryonic connective tissue

Slide #33
Role of viruses in cancer
Role of viruses in cancer

(1) Some viruses carry oncogenes whose products cause transformation of host cells into cancer cells
(2) Viral genome may be inserted into regulatory sites

EXAMPLES:
(1) Human papillomavirus cervical cancer
(2) Epstein-Barr virus – Burkitt’s lymphoma

Slide #38
Function of immune system in cancer
Function of immune system in cancer

(1) Cells with cancer-causing potential arise constantly in the body but the immune system normally discovers and destroys them
(2) Cell-mediated immunity, TC, NK & macrophages, antibodies

Slide #41
Why Immune system fails in cancer?
Immune system fails in cancer -

(1) may not be immunogenic enough
(2) may retain self-markers and not be targeted
(3) maybe a slight or transient failure allows cancer to develop

Slide #41