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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Allergy, hypersensitivity
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Allergy (hypersensitivity) –
an exaggerated, misdirected expression of immune responses Slide #3 |
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Autoimmunity
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Autoimmunity –
abnormal responses to self Ag Slide #3 |
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Immunodeficiency
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Immunodeficiency –
deficiency or loss of immunity Slide #3 |
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Cancer
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Cancer –
results from a lack of surveillance Slide #3 |
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Type I (Hypersensitivity)
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Type I (Hypersensitivity)
(1) Atopy (2) Anaphylaxis Slide #6 |
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Atopy
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Atopy –
any chronic local allergy such as hay fever or asthma Slide # 6 |
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Anaphylaxis
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Anaphylaxis –
a systemic, often explosive reaction that involves airway obstruction and circulatory collapse Slide #6 |
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Mechanism of Type I
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Mechanism of Type I
(1) sensitizing dose (2) provocative dose Slide #7 |
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Sensitizing dose
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Sensitizing dose –
on first contact with allergen, specific B cells form IgE which attaches to mast cells and basophils Slide # 7 |
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Provocative dose
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Provocative dose -
subsequent exposure with the same allergen binds to the IgE-mast cell complex Slide #7 |
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Mast Cells
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Mast cells -
are located in the connective tissue of virtually all organs; high conc. in lungs, skin, GI and genital tract Slide #8 |
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Basophils
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Basophils -
circulate in blood, migrate into tissues Slide #8 |
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Systemic Anaphylaxis
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Systemic Anaphylaxis-
(1) Sudden respiratory and circulatory disruption that can be fatal in a few minutes (2) Allergen and route are variable (3) Bee stings, antibiotics or serum injection Slide #12 |
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Type II Hypersensitivity
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Type II Hypersensitivity
(1) Reactions that lyse foreign cells (2) Involve antibodies, complement, leading to lysis of foreign cells (3) Transfusion reactions (a) ABO blood groups (b)Rh factor – hemolytic disease of the newborn Slide #15 |
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Type III Hypersensitivity
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Type III Hypersensitivity
(1) A large quantity of soluble foreign Ag stimulates Ab that produce small, soluble Ag-Ab complexes (2) Immune complexes become trapped in tissues & incite a damaging inflammatory response (a) Arthus reaction (b) Serum sickness Slide #20 |
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Arthus reaction
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Arthus reaction –
local reaction to series of injected Ag to same body site Slide #20 |
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Serum sickness
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Serum sickness –
systemic disease resulting from repeated injections of foreign proteins Slide #20 |
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Autoimmunity
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Autoimmunity
(1) In certain type I & II hypersensitivities, the immune system has lost tolerance to self molecules and forms autoantibodies and sensitized T cells against them. (2) More common in females (3) Disruption of function can be systemic or organic specific Slide #22 |
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Type IV Hypersensitivity
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Type IV Hypersensitivity
(1) Cell-mediated (2) A delayed response to Ag involving activation of and damage by T cells (3) Delayed allergic response (4) Graft rejection Slide #27 |
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Delayed allergic response
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Delayed allergic response –
(1) skin response to allergens (ex: tuberculin skin test, contact dermititis from plants, metals, cosmetics) |
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Graft Rejection
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Graft rejection –
(1) reaction of cytotoxic T cells directed against foreign cells of a grafted tissue (2) involves recognition of foreign HLA Slide #27 |
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Immunodeficiency diseases
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Immunodeficiency diseases -
(1) Components of the immune response system are absent. (2) Deficiencies involve B and T cells, phagocytes, and complement Slide #31 |
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Primary immunodeficiency
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Primary immunodeficiency –
genetically based congenital lack of B-cell and/or T cell activity Slide #31 |
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B cell defect
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B cell defect –
agammaglobulinemia – patient lacks antibodies Slide #31 |
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T cell defect
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T cell defect –
thymus is missing or abnormal Slide #31 |
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Severe combined immunodeficiency
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Severe combined immunodeficiency -
both limbs of lymphocyte system are missing or defective; no adaptive immune response Slide #31 |
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Secondary (acquired) immune deficiency
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Secondary (acquired) immune deficiency –
due to damage after birth (infections, drugs, radiation) AIDS Slide #31 |
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Cancer
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Cancer -
(1) Overgrowth of abnormal tissue arises due to malfunction of immune surveillance (2) Tumors may be benign (nonspreading) or malignant (a cancer) that spreads from tissue of origin to other sites (3) Malignant tumors (4) occur in nearly every cell type Slide #33 |
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Characteristics of cancerous growths
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Characteristics of cancerous growths
(1) Disorganized behavior and independence from surrounding normal tissues (2) Permanent loss of cell differentiation (3) Expression of special markers on their surface Slide #34 |
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Interrelationship between genes and cancer
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Interrelationship between genes and cancer
(1) Cancer cell often have damaged chromosomes (2) A specific alteration in a gene can lead to cancer (3) Predisposition for some cancers is inherited (4) Rates of cancer are highest in individuals who cannot repair damaged DNA (5) Mutagenic agents cause cancer (6) Cells contain genes that can be transformed to cancer-causing oncogenes (7) Tumor-supressor genes exist in the normal genome Slide #35 |
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Mechanism of Cancer
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Mechanism of Cancer
(1) Some type of gene alteration turns a normal gene (proto-oncogene) that regulates the onset of mitosis into an oncogene (2) The oncogene overrides normal mitotic controls and cause the cell to divide continuously (3) Tumor suppressor genes may be missing or inactivated Slide #36 |
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Carcinomas
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Carcinomas -
originate from epithelial tissue Slide #33 |
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Sarcomas
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Sarcomas -
originate from embryonic connective tissue Slide #33 |
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Role of viruses in cancer
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Role of viruses in cancer
(1) Some viruses carry oncogenes whose products cause transformation of host cells into cancer cells (2) Viral genome may be inserted into regulatory sites EXAMPLES: (1) Human papillomavirus cervical cancer (2) Epstein-Barr virus – Burkitt’s lymphoma Slide #38 |
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Function of immune system in cancer
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Function of immune system in cancer
(1) Cells with cancer-causing potential arise constantly in the body but the immune system normally discovers and destroys them (2) Cell-mediated immunity, TC, NK & macrophages, antibodies Slide #41 |
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Why Immune system fails in cancer?
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Immune system fails in cancer -
(1) may not be immunogenic enough (2) may retain self-markers and not be targeted (3) maybe a slight or transient failure allows cancer to develop Slide #41 |