Host Immune Response Pt 1: Innate Immunity

Front 1

innate immunity

Back 1

- nonspecific responses
- rapid response
- present at birth

Front 2

adaptive immunity

Back 2

- specific responses adapted to a particular invading microbe
- slower to develop
- has a "memory" component

Front 3

first line of defense

Back 3

- line of defense
- involves skin and mucous membranes
- has physical, chemical, and microbial protective factors

Front 4

second line of defense

Back 4

- line of defense
- involves innate immune cells
- fever, inflammation, antimicrobial compounds, etc.

Front 5

skin

Back 5

acts as a really good barrier for preventing disease b/c it constantly sheds. it makes it hard for microbes to invade

Front 6

normal human microbiota

Back 6

- prevent nasty microbes from colonizing
- block pathogens attachment
- compete for nutrients
- stimulate immune system

Front 7

leukocytes

Back 7

- white blood cells
- immune cells

Front 8

granulocytes

Back 8

- have large cytoplasmic granules visible w/ light microscope if stained
- include neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils

Front 9

agranulocytes

Back 9

- granules not visible by staining
- include monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, and lymphocytes

Front 10

neutrophils

Back 10

- aka polymophonuclear leukocytes
- make up most of white blood cells
- can leave blood, enter site of infection and destroy microbes

Front 11

neutrophils

Back 11

which type of granulocyte cells is active in initial infection stages?

Front 12

neutrophils

Back 12

which type of granulocytes is phagocytic?

Front 13

engulf pathogen cells

Back 13

what does phagocytic mean?

Front 14

basophils

Back 14

- releases histamine
- important in inflammation, allergic responses
- 0.5-1% of WBCs

Front 15

eosinophils

Back 15

- 2-4% of WBCs
- leave blood
- a bit phagocytic
- mostly attach to large parasites
- releases toxins

Front 16

monocytes

Back 16

- immature macrophages
- can leave blood and enter body tissues to mature

Front 17

macrophages

Back 17

major phagocytic cells of innate immune response

Front 18

phagocytosis

Back 18

what is the function of monocytes?

Front 19

dendritic cells

Back 19

has a big role in initiating adaptive immunity

Front 20

phagocytosis and initiation of adaptive immune response

Back 20

what are the functions of dendritic cells?

Front 21

monocytes

Back 21

dendritic cells are derived from where?

Front 22

lymphatic system

Back 22

- where a lot of WBCs are found
- monitor for and activate response to invading microbes

Front 23

inflammation

Back 23

- destroys or confine pathogen
- repair tissue

Front 24

histamine, cytokines, etc.

Back 24

what causes inflammation?

Front 25

fever

Back 25

- curb pathogen growth
- can speed up immune cell response/chemical reactions

Front 26

cytokines

Back 26

what causes a fever?

Front 27

gram-negative endotoxin

Back 27

when released, what can cause phagocytes to create a fever?

Front 28

complement system

Back 28

30+ proteins that have various ways to destroy microbes

Front 29

cascade/chain reaction

Back 29

the complement system is activated in what?

Front 30

opsonization, inflammation, and cytolysis

Back 30

what are the three effects of complement system?

Front 31

opsonization

Back 31

- effect of the complement system
- coat the microbe
- making it easier for phagocytosis to attach and engulf

Front 32

inflammation

Back 32

- effect of complement system
- recruit phagocytes to the infection site

Front 33

cytolysis

Back 33

- effect of complement system
- membrane attack complex (MAC) inserts into microbe cell membrane and busts it wide open

Front 34

toll-like receptors (TLR)

Back 34

- protein receptors on outside of cell that recognize common microbial cell components
- aka pattern recognition receptors

Front 35

pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

Back 35

- the common microbe parts
- non-specific
- leads cells to release cytokines

Front 36

- chemotaxis
- adherence
- ingestion
- digestion

Back 36

what are the stages of phagocytosis?

Front 37

chemotaxis

Back 37

- the first stage in phagocytosis
- chemical attraction to site of infection/microbes/damaged cells

Front 38

adherence

Back 38

- second stage of phagocytosis
- cell membrane attaches to surface of microbe

Front 39

ingestion

Back 39

- third stage of phagocytosis
- pseudopodia (projections) engulf microbe into the cell in a lipid vesicle called phagosome

Front 40

digestion

Back 40

- fourth stage in phagocytosis
- phagosome fuses with lysosome

Front 41

lysosome

Back 41

vesicle with digestive enzymes and toxic oxygen radicals

Front 42

phagocytes

Back 42

mostly macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells

Front 43

early infection

Back 43

actively phagocytic neutrophils dominate during when in infection

Front 44

later infection

Back 44

macrophages dominate by scavenging for remaining bacteria during what time of infection?