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207 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
H
|
hydrogen
|
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He
|
helium
|
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Li
|
lithium
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Be
|
beryllium
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B
|
boron
|
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C
|
carbon
|
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N
|
nitrogen
|
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O
|
oxygen
|
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F
|
fluorine
|
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Ne
|
neon
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Na
|
sodium
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Mg
|
magnesium
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Al
|
aluminum
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Si
|
silicon
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Cl
|
chlorine
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Ar
|
argon
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K
|
potassium
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Ca
|
calcium
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Sc
|
scandium
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Ti
|
titanium
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V
|
vanadium
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Cr
|
chromium
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Mn
|
manganese
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Fe
|
iron
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Co
|
cobalt
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Ni
|
nickel
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Cu
|
copper
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Zn
|
zinc
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Ga
|
gallium
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Ge
|
germanium
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As
|
arsenic
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Se
|
selenium
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Br
|
bromine
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Kr
|
krypton
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Rb
|
rubidium
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Sr
|
strontium
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Y
|
ytrium
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Zr
|
zirconium
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Nb
|
niobium
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Mo
|
molybdenum
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Ru
|
ruthenium
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Rh
|
rhodium
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Pd
|
palladium
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Ag
|
silver
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Cd
|
cadmium
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In
|
indium
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Sn
|
tin
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Sb
|
antimony
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Te
|
tellurium
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I
|
iodine
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Xe
|
xenon
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Cs
|
cesium
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Ba
|
barium
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La
|
lanthanum
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Hf
|
hafnium
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Ta
|
tantalum
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W
|
tungsten
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Re
|
rhenium
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Os
|
osmium
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Ir
|
iridium
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Pt
|
platinum
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Au
|
gold
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Hg
|
mercury
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Tl
|
thallium
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Pb
|
lead
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Bi
|
bismuth
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Po
|
polonium
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At
|
astatine
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Rn
|
radon
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Fr
|
francium
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Ra
|
radium
|
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homogeneous mixture
|
the constituents are distributed evenly throughout
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heterogeneous mixture
|
its individual components can be seen as separate substances
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law of constant composition
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every sample of a particular compound always contains the same elements combined in the same proportions
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filtration
|
passing water through a substance to separate or dissolve particles
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distillation
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to heat until vaporized
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intensive properties
|
properties that characterize a substance independent or regardless of the quantity of the material present
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extensive properties
|
properties of a particular sample of a substance which depend on how much of the substance is present
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density
|
mass over volume
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solid
|
has definite volume and shape
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liquid
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occupies a definite volume, but does not have definite shape
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gas
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does not have a definite volume or a definite shape
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sublimination
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transformation of solid directly to vapor
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deposition
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transformation directly from solid to liquid
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scientific method (8 steps)
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1) observation
2) scientific question 3) hypothesis 4) narrow down hypothesis 5) test 6) modify, reject or accept 7) form theory 8) theory is formed unless later experiments or observations show it is not reliable |
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mega
|
1)M
2)10 to the 6 3)1,000,000 |
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kilo
|
1) k
2) 10 to the 3 3) 1,000 |
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deci
|
1) d
2) 10 to the -1 3) .1 |
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centi
|
1) c
2) 10 to the -2 3) .01 |
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milli
|
1) m
2) 10 to the -3 3) .001 |
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micro
|
1) u (with a stem)
2) 10 to the -6 3) .000001 |
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nano
|
1) n
2) 10 to the -9 3) .000000001 |
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deka
|
1) da
2) 10 to the 1 3) 10 |
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Precision
|
the repeatability of a measurement and the extent to which repeated measurements agree among themselves (e.g., consistently wrong)
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Accuracy
|
the agreement between an experimental value and the true value
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Law of Multiple Proportions
|
the ratio of the masses of one element, Y, that react with a given mass of another element, X, to form any two compounds is the ratio of two small whole numbers
|
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The Rutherford Model of Atomic Structure
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When electricity is passed through a glass tube with not much air in it, cathode rays are produced. The particles in cathode rays are electrons.
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proton
|
a positively charged subatomic particle in the nucleus of the atom
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nucleus
|
contains all of the positive charge and nearly all the mass in an atom
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neutron
|
electrically neutral or uncharged subatomic particle in the nucleus of an atom
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isotopes
|
atoms of an elements whose nuclei have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons
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atomic number
|
number of protons in an element
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mass number
|
total number of nucleons (protons and neutrons) in an atom
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To find the average atomic mass:
|
Take the exact mass of the isotope in amu and multiply it by its natural abundance (in decimal form divided by 100). So 90% = .90. Do that for every isotope and add up the sum.
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Periods
|
horizontal rows
|
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groups or families
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columns
|
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transition metals
|
group 3-12 in the periodic table of elements
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halogens
|
F, Cl, Br, I, At (Group 17)
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alkali metal
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Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr (Group 1)
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alkaline earth metals
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Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra (group 2)
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diatomic molecules
|
N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2, H2 (magnificent seven)
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noble gases
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He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn (Group 8)
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molecular compounds
|
only nonmetal atoms
|
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ionic compounds
|
contain a metal
|
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cations
|
positively charged ions
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anions
|
negatively charged ions
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binary compounds
|
two different elements
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Na charge
|
1
|
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H charge
|
1
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Li charge
|
1
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K charge
|
1
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Rb charge
|
1
|
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Cs charge
|
1
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Mg charge
|
2
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Ca charge
|
2
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Sr charge
|
2
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Ba charge
|
2
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Sc charge
|
3
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Ti charge
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3 or 4
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V charge
|
3 or 5
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Cr charge
|
3
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Mn charge
|
2 or 4
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Fe charge
|
2 or 3
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Co charge
|
2 or 3
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Ni charge
|
2
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Cu charge
|
1 or 2
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Ag charge
|
1
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Zn charge
|
2
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Cd charge
|
2
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Hg charge
|
2
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Al charge
|
3
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Ga charge
|
3
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In charge
|
3
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Tl charge
|
1 or 3
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Sn charge
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2 or 4
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Pb charge
|
2 or 4
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N charge
|
3-
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P charge
|
3-
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O charge
|
2-
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S charge
|
2-
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Se charge
|
2-
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Te charge
|
2-
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F charge
|
1-
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Cl charge
|
1-
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Br charge
|
1-
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I charge
|
1-
|
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one
|
mono
|
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two
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di
|
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three
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tri
|
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four
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tetra
|
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five
|
penta
|
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six
|
hexa
|
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seven
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hepta
|
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eight
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octa
|
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nine
|
nona
|
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ten
|
deca
|
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acetate
|
CH3COO (charge -)
|
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ammonium
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NH4 (charge +)
|
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azide
|
N3 (charge -)
|
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bromide
|
Br (charge -)
|
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carbonate
|
CO3 (charge 2-)
|
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chlorate
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ClO3 (charge -)
|
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chloride
|
Cl (charge -)
|
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chromate
|
CrO4 (charge 2-)
|
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Cyanide
|
Cn (charge -)
|
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Bicardbonate/hydrogen carbonate
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HCO3 (charge -)
|
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Bisulfite/hydrogen carbonate
|
HSO3 (charge -)
|
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Dichromate
|
Cr2Oz (charge 2-)
|
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Dihydrogen phosphate
|
H2PO4 (charge -)
|
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Disulfide
|
S2 (charge 2-)
|
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Flouride
|
F (charge -)
|
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hydride
|
H (charge -)
|
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hydrogen phosphate
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HPO4 (charge 2-)
|
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hydroxide
|
OH (charge -)
|
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nitrate
|
NO3 (charge -)
|
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nitride
|
N3 (charge -)
|
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nitrite
|
NO2 (charge -)
|
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oxide
|
O (2-)
|
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perchlorate
|
ClO4 (charge 2-)
|
|
permanganate
|
MnO4 (charge -)
|
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Peroxide
|
O2 ( charge 2-)
|
|
phosphate
|
PO4 (charge 3-)
|
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sulfate
|
SO4 (charge 2-)
|
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sulfide
|
S (charge of 2-)
|
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sulfite
|
SO3 (charge of 2-)
|
|
thiocyanate
|
SCN (charge of -)
|
|
hypochlorite
|
ClO-
|
|
Chlorite
|
ClO2 (charge of -)
|
|
chlorate
|
ClO3 (charge of -)
|
|
perchlorate
|
ClO4 (charge of -)
|
|
hypochlorous acid
|
HCLO
|
|
chlorous acid
|
HClO2
|
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chloric acid
|
HClO3
|
|
perchloric acid
|
HCLO4
|
|
avogadro's number
|
6.0222 x 10^23
|
|
combustion reaction
|
X (e.g., CH4) + O2 --> H2O and CO2
|
|
hydrocarbons
|
compounds of only carbon and hydrogen
|