General Chemistry: Atoms, Molecules, And Ions

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Molecule

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a group of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.

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Chemical formula

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symbolic representation of the composition of a compound expressed in terms of its constituent elements.

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Molecular formula

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Gives the number of each kind of atom in a molecule.

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Empricial formula

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Givs the (whole number) ratio of atoms of elements in a comound. It is the simplest.

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Structural formula

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shows how atoms are attached to one another.

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How do you name binary molecular compounds?

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They usually contain 2 nonmetals. 1. Name has two words. First word: name of the element that appears first in the formula. Second word: stem of the name of the second element, ending with -ide. 2. Names are further modified by adding prefixes to denote # of atoms of each element in the molecule.

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4

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tetra

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5

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penta

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9

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nona

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10

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deca

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Ion

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an atom that either gains or loses electonrs. There is no change in the number of protons or neutrons in the nucleus.

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Cations

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have a positive charge from loss of electrrons (metals)

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Anions

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have a negative charge from gain of electrons (nonmetals)

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Ionic compound

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oppositely charge ions are attracted to each other such that the compound has no net charge.

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Polyatomic Ions

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A charged group of bonded atoms. More polyatomic anions than polyatomic cations.

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-ite and -ate

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Name ending in -ite has a fewer oxygen than -ate. ClO2 is chlorite, while ClO3 is chlorate.

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-hypo vs. -per

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Hypo is one less oxygen than -ite, and per is one more oxygen than -ate. Therefore, Hypochlorite is ClO, and Perchlorate is ClO4

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Other nomenclature for polyatomic ions

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If hydrogen is present, we indicate its presence in the name. HPO4 is Hydrogen Phosphate, H2PO4 is dihydrogen phosphate

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Hydrates

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an ionic compound in which the formula unit includes a fixed number of water molecules associated with actions and anions.

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Naming hydrates

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The compound name is followed by "___ hydrate", where the blank is a prefix to indicate the number of water molecules. The number of water molecules associated with each formula unit is written as an appendage to the formula unit name seperated by a dot.

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Group IA metals

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The Alkali metals - form 1+ charge.

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Group IIA metals

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Alkaline earth metals - form 2+ charge.

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Aluminum

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A group IIIA metal, forms ions with a +3 charge

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Group B metal ions

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The transition metal ions. Often have more than one possible charge. Roman numerals are used to indicate charge.

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What are binary ionic compounds made up of?

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Monatomic cations and anions. The combinations must be electrically neutral.

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Formula unit

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the simplest collection of cations and anions that represents an electrically neutral unit.

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How do you write the formula for binary ionic compounds?

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Combine the proper number of each ion to form a neutral unit. First name the cation, then the anion. The monoatomic anion name ends in -ide.