Final Psych Exam

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puberty

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a flood of biological events leading to an adult-sized body & sexual maturity

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Margaret Mead

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anthropologist who studied adolescence... wide variability in adolescent adjustment; *social enviro is entirely responsible for the range of teenage experiences

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GH and thyroxine

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secretions of _____ and _____________ increase, leading to tremendous gains in body size

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sports

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influence cognitive and social development, teamwork, problem solving, assertiveness, competition

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primary sexual characteristics

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development of reproductive organs directly

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secondary sexual characteristics

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visible on the outside of the body i.e. breasts

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voice changes

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in boys; usually takes place at the peak of the male growth spurt and often is not complete until puberty is over

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white matter

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(brain development) myelinated nerve fibers; increases especially in prefrontal cortex, parietal lobes, and corpus callosum

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gray matter

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(brain development) neurons & supportive material - declines

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prefrontal cognitive-control network

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(brain development) including the more extensive interconnectivity attained at the end of the teenage years and into the twenties, to handle challenging self-regulation situations

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gender intensification

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occurs in early adolescence; stereotypes intensify; declines in mid to late adolescence

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adolescence

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endgame attainment of adult roles and responsibilities *transition from child status *getting from reliance to independence; **is getting longer... starts as early as 8

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Arnett's 3 features of adolescence

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*risk-taking/sensation seeking *moodiness *parental conflict

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paradox of adolescence

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healthiest period of life.... **morbidity and mortality increase 200-300%

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myelination

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(brain development) this process leads to better attention and planning and emotional self regulation

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contributing factors... sleeplessness in adolescence

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*biological tendency for sleep delay... neurosensitivity to light and shift in circadian rhythm..... ***sleep deprivation -> "sleep school squeeze" (consequences: missing school, microsleeps, more pronounced effects of alcohol, irritability, difficulties with self control of attention, emotion, and behavior)

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normative

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parent-child conflict is ___________

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puberty (second card)

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most significant developmental milestone of adolescence; attaining reproductive capability; early hormonal changes underway by age 8

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adrenarche

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allows for secondary sex characteristics

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gonadarche

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move toward reproductive capability

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secular trend

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4-year decrease in the onset of puberty

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individual differences in timing of puberty

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1. heredity 2. nutrition, exercise (sedentary) 3. environmental characteristics i.e. childhood stress (poverty)

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off-time hypothesis

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deviance from normal social timing puts one in a deviant social category

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maturation

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late ________ in males is associated with low self esteem and substance abuse problems

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early

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_______ maturation in females is associated with unhealthy body image/low self esteem... earlier engagement in "adult" activities i.e. drug use, sexual activity

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self-medication hypothesis

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fancy term for the idea that ppl use /abuse substances to deal with their problems

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patterns of use

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likely to have mental health problems; family & peer correlates... moderately heritable.... consequences-> short-term injury/fatality... long-term dependence and vulnerability to other problems

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correlates of sexual activity in adolescents

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personal, family, peer, educational

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personal correlate of sexual activity

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early puberty, impulsivity, delinquency, little religious involvement (correlate to sexual activity)

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family

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single/step-families, parental monitoring, parent-child communication about sex (correlate)

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educational

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poor school performance, low educational goals (correlate)

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peer

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approval of or engagement in sex (correlate)

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adolescent pregnancy

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20% of sexually active Amer. females get pregnant each year... 1/3 end in abortions.... consequences -> educational achievements, marital patterns (85% aren't married... cascade effects of single parenting), econ circumstances - poverty, parenting skills & ability

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formal operational stage

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Piaget... around age 11. start developing capacity for abstract, systematic, scientific thinking

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hypothetico-deductive reasoning

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when faced with a problem, they start with a hypothesis... from which they deduce logical, testable inferences (pendulum problem); kids become more argumentative because they are capable of it

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propositional thought

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ability to evaluate the logic of propositions (verbal statements) w/o referring to real-world circumstances

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logical necessity

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the accuracy of conclusions drawn from premises rests on the rules of logic, not on real-world confirmation

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consequences of abstract thought

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argumentativeness... self-consciousness and self focusing (imaginary audience).... idealism and criticisms.... real social and personal consequences of what others think (adolescents evaluate their peers)

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school transitions in adolescence

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grades decline with each transition; 8-4 is the ideal patterning***

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supporting high achievement during adolescence

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authoritative parenting; parent-school partnerships; peer support... schools (warm teacher support, high-quality instruction)

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pros of NCLB

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assessment-driven reform, identify common standards for all students, set contingencies for improving education

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NCLB cons

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not enough qualified teachers, unstable families/communities; teaching to the test; affects intrinsic motivation for learning; promotes "culture of fear"; minority youths living in poverty most likely to fail the tests

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identity

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(Erikson) define who you are, what you value; commit to: vocation, personal relationships, sexual orientation, ethnic group, ideals... *Resolution of "identity crisis" or exploration

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identity confusion

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lack of direction and definition of self; restricted exploration during adolescence.... early psychosocial conflicts not resolved... society restricts choices

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self-concept in adolescence

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characterizations are abstract and contradictory; gradually combine traits into an organized system i.e. use of adverbs; more emphasis on social virtues, being viewed positively by others

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self esteem in adolescence

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new domains-> romantic appeal, friendships, job competence... temporary declines after school transitions... generally rises but w/ frequent shifts

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pre-operational

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Kohlberg; judgments guided by obedience and the prospect of punishment "yes/no"

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concrete operational

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instrumental purpose; things are right when they satisfy people's needs (egocentric) Kohlberg

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early formal operational

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Kohlberg; moral behavior helps others and is socially approved "good girl/bad girl"

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formal operational

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Kohlberg; law and order orientation (moral behavior is doing one's duty and respecting authority)

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stage 5 (post-conventional)

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Kohlberg; one must weigh pressing human needs against society's need to maintain order

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Stage 6 (post-conventional)

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Kohlberg; universal ethical principles and their own conscience, even if it means breaking the law

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individual differences in moral development

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moral self-relevance (degree to which morality is central to self-concept) parenting, peers, education (just educational environments..continues in college); civic engagement

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moral self-relevance

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degree to which morality is central to self-concept

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major depressive disorder (depression in adolescence)

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15-20% of adolescents have had a depressive episode..... 2 weeks with at least 5 symptoms = an episode. *irritability common

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parenting practices and offspring depression

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depressed parents and inconsistent/affectively negative.. *intrusive/withdrawn... parenting problems create persistent stressful family enviro; adolescent coping abilities attenuate impact of parental depression