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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Individual tests
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tests given to one person at a time by a highly trained examiner. Can be tailored to individual, and examiner can record behavior as well
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Group tests
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a test given to two or more people at once. Grading is objective, and examiner doesn't need a lot of training. Cost-efficient, with reliable scoring.
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4 things to keep in mind with group tests
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Use results with caution
be suspicious of low test scores consider wide discrepancies a warning signal when in doubt, refer for individual testing |
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3 major weaknesses of SAT and ACT:
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restricted range on GPA predictions
middle scores have low predictive value possible race/socioeconomic bias |
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Effects of coaching/prep courses on SAT and GRE
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discrepancy: research varies and shows between a 6-30 point increase (test developers) and a 60-140 point increase (people who make the prep courses)
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disadvantages to prep courses
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economic bias; higher scores pre-prep class are harder to raise
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stereotype threat
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people acting the way they believe stereotypes of the group they belong to act
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mean and standard deviation for the GRE
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mean: 500
sd: 100 (true for all subtests) |
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% of college GPA variance accounted for by SAT
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17%
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% of college GPA accounted for by High school GPA
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23% of variance
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% of college GPA accounted for by a combo of High school GPA and SAT score
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30-37% of variance
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% of grad school GPA accounted for by GRE score
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<6.3%
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Raven Progressive Matrices Test
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non-verbal test using matrices featuring 60 items of increasing difficulty which require test-takers to identify a missing piece of a matrix.
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Simplest, quickest, easiest to administer of all ability tests?
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Goodenough-Harris Drawing Test
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relationship between socio-economic status and GPA/SAT scores
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moderate-to-strong positive correlation between SES and SAT, but not GPA
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Personality
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relatively constant, distinct behavior patterns that characterize an individual or his reactions
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Long-term reliability of personality tests
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poor, because peoples' states affect the way they score on trait measures
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2 major strategies for development of a personality test
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criterion-group strategy
factor analytic strategy |
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Logical-Content Strategy
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deductive strategy for personality test construction; test designer tries to deduce type of content to be included. ("Hmm, the eating test should have questions about eating)
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Theoretical Strategy
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deductive test-construction strategy that takes a theory about a characteristic and makes items consistent with that (Hmmm, I think people who eat lots are fat, so we should ask what they weigh)
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Criterion Group Strategy
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empirical strategy for test construction. Get a group of people who have that characteristic and see where they have similar responses
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Factor Analytic Strategy
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empirical test-construction strategy that uses factor analysis to derive empirically the dimensions of personality
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Cross validation
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process of evaluating a test or a regression equation for a sample other than the one used for the original study
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criticisms of the original MMPI
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not a good group control sample, not easy to interpret, relies too much on the Validity scale
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3 scales of the MMPI
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Validity: information about the person's approach to testing (are they lying?)
Clinical: designed to identify psychological disorders Content: items grouped empirically related to specific content areas |
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Reading level req'd for MMPI and MMPI-II
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MMPI: 6th grade
MMPI-II: 8th grade |
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Meehl's introduction to the MMPI
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2-point scales based on numeric names, rather than alphabetic names. Scores rank in order from highest to lowest
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Empirical research on the MMPI and MMPI-II
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10,000+ studies have been conducted from 1999 to 2004--more than any other personality test
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problems with factor analytic strategy
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naming factors is subjective
sacrifices unique variance for common variance |
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types of variance
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common variance: amount of variance a variable shares with another variable
unique variance: factors uniquely measured by the variable error variance: variance attributed to error |
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which strategies were used to develop the NEO-PI-R?
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theoretical strategy and factor analysis
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What does NEO stand for?
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it represents the three domains of Neuroticism, Extroversion, and Openness
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5 personality dimensions of NEO-PI-R
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O=Openness: breadth of experience to which a person is amenable
C=Conscientiousness: Achievement and dependability E=Extroversion: degree of sociability or withdrawal A=Agreeableness: warm and cooperative vs. unpleasant and disagreeable N=Neuroticism: defined primarily by anxiety and depression |
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projecting
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projecting a reaction (feeling) that is displaced to an environment. ie: a boy sees a shadow in a dark room and thinks it's a monster
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Projective Hypothesis
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Projecting is an attempt to understand an ambiguous or vague stimulus. Interpretation reflects needs, feelings, experiences, prior conditioning, though process, etc.
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How common are the Rorschach and the TAT?
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they are 2 of the top 10 clinical tests
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4 Rorschach scoring categories
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Location, Determinant, Form Quality, and Content
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Rorschach Location
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Where does the interpretation come from?
W=whole inkblot D=common detail (common or well-defined part was used) Dd=unusual detail (unusual or poorly defined part was used) |
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Rorschach Determinant
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Why that response?
F=Form: shape or outline used to make response M, FM, m=Movement was seen C=Color used in answer T=Standing (texture or shading used) |
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Rorschach Form Quality
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How well did the answer reflect the inkblot?
F+=well F=ok F-=poorly |
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Rorschach Content
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What was described?
H=Human A=Animal N=Nature |
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Rorschach psychometric properties
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poor. problems are:
lack of normative data unreliable scoring criteria lack of correlation with disorders poor incremental ability Problem of "R" (scores go up with more responses; no limit) Overpathologizing (poor specificity--more than 1/2 of normal individuals labeled as emotionally disturbed) |
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Problem of "R"
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no limit to Rorschach responses; score goes up with each one, but cooperative ppl will try to give lots of responses and are more likely to give a "space response" (bad)
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Rorschach vs TAT
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Ror. is rejected by science, atheoretical, oversold, and is a purported diagnostic instrument largely used in clinics
TAT is well-received by science, follows Murray's theory of needs, has conservative claims, not purported as diagnostic, and is used clinically and nonclinically |
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Reliability and Validity of TAT
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analysis of specific variables have found reliability to be pretty good; split-half is poor, test-retest fluctuates. Validity studies are even murkier.
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Does Dr. Larson love the Rorschach?
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Nope
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Cognitive behavioral assessment methods
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target: disordered behavior/thoughts
symptoms: focus of treatment assessment: direct; treatment related Theory: behavioral model Goal: analyze disordered behavior |
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Traditional assessment model
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target: underlying cause
symptoms: superficial assessment: indirect; treatment unrelated theory: medical model goal: determine cause of symptoms |
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behavioral excess v. behavioral deficit
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excess: occurs too frequently
deficit: not enough of it Behavioral-analytic approach tries to identify these and fix frequency |
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Human behavior is often determined by beliefs and expectations rather than reality
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cognitive viewpoint; basis for the Irrational Beliefs test
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premise behind cognitive functional analysis
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what you say to yourself influences your behavior; negative statements do far more harm than positive ones do good. So modifying those thoughts will modify actions
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Concerns of cognitive functional analysis
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environmental antecedents: factors that precede behavior
environmental consequences: factors that maintain behavior internal dialogue: internal or cognitive antecedents and consequences for the behavioral sequence |
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psychophysiological procedures
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social, behavioral, cognitive, and emotional phenomena are often a function of physiological processes
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psychophysiological indicators
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heart rate, bp, galvanic skin response, and skin temperature
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inherent weaknesses in psychophysiological evals?
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artifacts: movement may record a false response
direct measurement is difficult strength of a response based on prestimulus strength demographic factors affect it |
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name of the computer program that dude made
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Eliza
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advantages and disadvantages of psych testing online
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advantages: lots of data
web data is generally adequate similar results to paper-and-pencil versions less error in data collection more closely match intended sample more self-disclosure easy recruiting disadvantages standardization problems |
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types of tests only possible through the computer
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virtual reality programs
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computer-adaptive testing
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updates performance estimation after each response
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signal detection procedure
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signal is presented and the subject reports whether or not she saw it; can vary in strength, number, or pairing
can be used to detect disorders in early stages may someday take place of standard procedures |
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stress
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response to situations that involve demands, constraints, or opportunities
3 types: frustration (attainment of goal is blocked), conflict (choose between two goals), pressure (internal/external to speed up activities) |
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anxiety
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emotional state marked by worry, apprehension, and tension
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STAI
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State-trait anxiety inventory (provides scores for the 2 types of anxiety)
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social support
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tangible support, intangible support--helps mediate stressful life events, speeds recovery from illness
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2 themes quality of life assessment
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avoidance of death and quality of life
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how does the WHO define health
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complete state of physical, mental, and social well-being, not just absence of disease
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SF-36
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most commonly used behavioral measure in contemporary medicine
8 health concepts brief, with substantial reliability and validity, machine-scored has no age-specific questions; can't be determined if appropriate across age levels |
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Decision Theory
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process of determining the quality of a person's life (typically quantifies benefits of health care intervention in terms of Quality Adjusted Life-Years)
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clinical neuropsychology
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research and clinical assessment of brain-behavior relationship
Overlaps with neurology, psychiatry, and psychometrics Differs because of focus on attention, memory, learning, language/communication, spatial integration, and cognitive flexibility |
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jobs done by clinical neuropsychologist
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private practice, hospitals, academia
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types of patients clinical neuropsychologists most likely to see
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Rehab patients in private practice; mostly diagnosis with some treatment
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advantages and disadvantages of using clinical neuropsychology services
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finds problems missed by imaging, detects disease in earliest stages, sensitive to individual cognitive strengths and weaknesses
BUT takes a lot of time, there's a lack of treatment and direct application |
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fixed battery
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pre-determined set of tests for every patient
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flexible battery
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assessment is individual to each patient
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2 most commonly used fixed batteries
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Halsteid-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery
Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery |
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order of presentation for a neuropsychological battery
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least complex to most complex; establish skill level and build on that
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problems with current neuropsychological tests of sensation and perception
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bedside neurological examinations; only rule out dysfunctional sensory/perception problems in test performances. Also, are not standardized
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deficits associated with brain hemispheres
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left hemisphere: word-memory problem; right-left disorientation, problems recognizing written words, dressing, detailed motor activities
Right hemisphere: visual-spatial deficits; neglect, difficulty writing, impaired visual perception and spatial calculations |
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Stroop task
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that test I had to do with the things hooked up to my head.
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3 major concerns that will shape the future of psych testing
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professional issues
moral issues social issues |
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major issues associated with 3 major concerns of psych testing
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professional: theoretical concerns, adequecy of test
moral issues: human rights, labeling, invasion of privacy Social: dehumanization, usefulness of tests |
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What rights do all people have in testing?
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not to be tested (except by law)
to know test scores and interpretations know who will have access to test data confidentiality of test results |
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Responsibilities of test developers and admins
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understand test
provide necessary info |
