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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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personality
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characteristic thoughts, emotional responses, and behaviors in an individual over time
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projective measures
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personality tests that examine unconscious processes by having people interpret ambiguous stimuli
- ink blot test |
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objective measures
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relatively direct assessments of personality, usually based on information gathered through self-report questionairres or observer ratings
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psychodynamic perspective
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unconscious influences
early childhood experience sexuality |
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id
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unconsciously strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives, demanding immediate gratification
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superego
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provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations
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ego
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functions as "executive" and mediates the damnds of id and supergo (largely conscious)
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pleasure principle
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id's boundless drive for immediate gratification
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reality principle
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ego's capacity to delay gratification - way in which the go seeks to satsify instinctual demands safely and effectively in the real world
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dream analysis
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method to analyze unconscious mind by interpreting dreams
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free association
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method of exploring the unconscious in which person relaxes and says what comes to mind
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defense mechanisms
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minimize the anxiety due to conflict between id and superego, ego uses defense mechanisms
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repression
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banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness
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regression
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leads an individual faced with anxiety to retreat to a more infantile psychosexual stage
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reaction formation
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causes the ego to unconsciously switch unacceptable impulses into their opposites
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eros and thanatos
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instincts that motivate and regulate human behavior
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eros
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general life instinct made up of life-preserving and sexual drives
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thanatos
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death instinct which involves aggressive and destructive drives
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psycho sexual stages
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personality is formed during life's first few years
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oral stage
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infant's libidinal energy (erotic feelings) center on the mouth, lips, and tongue -- child gains satisfaction from sucking and biting
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oral stage fixations
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may result from overindulgence or frustration of the child's needs
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anal stage
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child's erotic feelings center on the anus and on elimination - sexual gratification
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anal stage fixation
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may produce a personality who is anal-retentive or anal-explusive
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phallic stage
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libidinal energy now centers on the genitals and feelings become overly sexual
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Oedipus complex
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boy's desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father
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Electra complex
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girl's desire for her father and jealosy toward rival mother
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identification
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children cope with threatening feelings and repress them by identifying with rival parent - superego gains strength
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latency stage
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period in which a child appears to have no interest in the other sex - seek out same sex playmates
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genital stage
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resurgance of sexual urges are displaced from opposite sex parent to the opposite sex peers and such
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humanistic perspective
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focuses on self, subjective experience, and capacity for fulfillment
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Maslow: self-actualizing person
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motivated by hierarchy of needs
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Rogers: self-theory
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emphasized subjective understanding of one's life
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Rogers: growth and fulfillment
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unconditional positive regard: attitude of acceptance of others amidst their failings
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idiographic approaches
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person-centered approaches to studying personality
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nomothetic approaches
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study of personality that focuses on how common characteristics vary from person to person
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trait approach
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traits define a person's predominant thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
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Big 5
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extraversion
neuroticism aggreeableness conscientiousness openness to experience |
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extraversion
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having an energetic approach toward the social and physical world
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narcissism
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self-important
self-focused self-promoting poor relations with others |
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narcissism and social media
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active on social media
superficial friends staged photos |
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_____ in childhood predicts both academic success and healthy coping with stress
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delay of gratification
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what is the pinnacle of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
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self-actualization
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Rogers was interested in ____, an attitude of acceptance of others amidst their failings
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unconditional positive regard
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According to Freud, the ___ operates according to the pleasure principle, striving to satisfy it's basic seual and aggressive drives
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id
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who created the inkblot test
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rorschach
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which personality trait tends to increase with age?
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conscientiousness
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PERMA
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positive emotion
engagement relationships meaning accomplishment |
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perma exposure
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character strength and positive traumatic growth
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perma meaning
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belonging to and serving something bigger than self
altruism versus pleasure |
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perma accomplishment
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self discipline and grit
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psychopathology
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study of mental disorders
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etiology
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causation and development of the disorder
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trephination
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boring holes in the skull to remove evil forces
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Philippe Pinel
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madness was not due to demonic possession but an ailment of the mind
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assessment
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examination of person's mental state to diagnose possible psychological disorders
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diagnosis
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identifying symptoms and distinguishing one disease from another
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how do you classify a disorder
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DSM
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point prevalence
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percentage of people in a given population who have a given disorder at any point in time
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lifetime prevalence
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percentage of people in a certain situation who have a given disorder at any point in their lives
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shortcomings of DSM
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categorical vs. dimensional approach
comorbidity |
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comorbidity
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characteristics of disorder appear to share traits
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anxiety disorders
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characterized by excessive fear and anxiety in the absence of true danger
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anxiety disorder
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diffuse state of constant anxiety unassociated with any specific object or event
autonomic arousal |
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panic disorder
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sudden, overwhelming episodes of intense dread
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panic disorder symptoms
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feelings of terror
chest pains choking |
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agoraphobia
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fear of being in situations in which help might not be available, or escape may be difficult or embarassing
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OCD
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persistence of unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and urges to engage in unproductive rituals (compulsions) that cause distress
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OCD obsessions
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recurrent, intrusive, and unwanted thoughts, ideas, mental images
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OCD compulsions
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particular acts that an individual feels driven to perform over and over again
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PTSD
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four or more weeks of the following symptoms
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PTSD symptoms
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haunting memories
nightmares social withdrawal jumpy anxiety sleep problems |
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mood disorders
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group of disorders distinguished primarily by changes in positive and negative affective state
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depression and gender prevalence
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more common in women than men - almost double the risk - especially in developing countries
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explanatory style
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individuals who explain bad things that happen as the result of internal, global, stable factors - higher risk for depression
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treating mood disorder symptoms
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increasing norepinephrine and serotonin
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cognitive restructuring
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"my boss yelled at me" --> "my boss was having a bad day" vs. "I'm worthless"
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electroconvulsive therapy
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administering strong electrical current to brain to produce a seizure
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transcranial magnetic stimulation
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electrical current producing magnetic field
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bipolar disorder
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alternation between depression and mania
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depression symptoms
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gloomy
withdrawn inability to make decisions tired slowness of thought |
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mania symptoms
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elation
euphoria desire for action hyperactive multiple ideas |
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suicide
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most severe form of behavior response to depression
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schizophrenia
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"split mind"
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schizophrenia symptoms
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disorganized and delusional thinking
distrubed perceptions inappropriate emotions and actions |
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positive symptoms
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presence of inappropriate behaviors - hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech or behavior
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negative symptoms
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absence of appropriate behaviors
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schizophrenia and the brain
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high levels of dopamine
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classical antipsychotics
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remove a number of positive symptoms associated with schizophrenia - agitation, delusions, hallucinations
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atypical antipsychotic
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clozapine blocks receptors for dopamine and serotonin to remove negative symptoms of schizophrenia
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dissociative disorders
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conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories, thoughts, feelings
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dissociative disorder symptoms
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sense of being unreal
separated from body watching themselves |
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dissociative identity disorder
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multiple personalities
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antisocial personality disorders
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person exhibits lack of empathy or remorse
mainly men |
