Psyc 375 - Final Exam

Front 1

What does REBT stand for? Who branded it?

Back 1

Rational-emotive behaviour therapy

Albert Ellis

Front 2

What are the components of:

A -> B -> C -> REBT -> D -> E

Back 2

A: Activating events of life

B: Beliefs used to process activating events

C: Consequences - the emotions and behavioural consequences of what just happened

REBT: modify 'B' in order to make change

D: Disrupting people's irrational beliefs

E: Effect new philosophy - replace with rational beliefs

Front 3

Ellis believed that in a rational world, our natural predispositions are:

Back 3

self-preserving

pleasure producing

less likely to engage in self-defeating activities

Front 4

According to Ellis, what are two main qualities in iB and DA?

Back 4

Irrational beliefs & Dysfunctional attitudes:

1. rigid, dogmatic, powerful demands expressed as verbs "must, should, ought to, have to, got to"

2. catastrophizing - highly unrealistic and overgeneralized attributions

Front 5

In Ellis' model, give an example of when C affects A

Back 5

Depression: the dysfunctional consequences of A & B are low mood, lack of concentration affects school grades, individual believes they are not smart or should have done better, depression increases

Front 6

What are 3 key components of specialized REBT?

Back 6

Consciousness Raising (identify irrational beliefs)

Contingency management (confront consequences that seem terrible

Counterconditioning (shame attacking exercise)

Front 7

What are 3 intrapersonal conflicts in REBT?

Back 7

Anxiety & Defences

Self-Esteem

Responsibility

Front 8

What are 4 interpersonal conflicts in REBT?

Back 8

Intimacy & Sexuality

Communication

Hostility

Control

Front 9

What are Aaron Beck's 5 Cognitive Errors?

Back 9

1. Overgeneralizing

2. Selective Abstraction (only measure self from failure events)

3. Excessive responsibility

4. Self-references (I am the centre of everyone's attention, especially when I fail)

5. Dichotomous thinking (black & white thinking)

Front 10

According to Beck, where does psychopathology originate?

Back 10

In the preconscious - constructions that reflect the operation of the underlying schemas (cognitive organizations)

Front 11

Which therapist coined the term Content Specificity Hypothesis? What is it and why is it important to therapy?

*On Exam*

Back 11

Aaron Beck

Each disorder has specific underlying cognitive errors/content

Front 12

What are the components of the Cognitive Triad? What follows the Cognitive Triad?

Back 12

1. Events are interpreted negatively (PAST)

2. Depressed individuals dislike themselves (PRESENT)

3. The FUTURE is appraised negatively

Depression follows the Cognitive Triad

Front 13

What are some of the techniques Beck used in his therapeutic process?

Back 13

- Activity scheduling (to elevate mood)

- Cognitive restructuring

- Teaching patients distance (deal with upsetting thoughts objectively)

- Disattribution technique (free themselves from the belief that they are entirely responsible for their difficulties)

Front 14

What are the two key therapies in Constructivist Theory?

What are the two constructive articles we read in class? *On Exam*

Back 14

Solution-Focused Therapy

Narrative Therapy

Front 15

In Solution-Focused Therapy, what are the criteria for well-defined goals?

Back 15

1. Positive

2. Process (how)

3. Present (today)

4. Practical (attainable)

5. Specific

6. Client control

7. Client language

Front 16

What are 2 key components in the therapeutic process of Solution-Focused?

Back 16

Consciousness raising - raise awareness of exceptions to problems and use the Miracle question

Choosing - 4 guides to therapeutic choices:

1. If it works, don't fix it, do more of it

2. If it works a little, build on it

3. If nothing works, experiment and imagine miracles

4. Choose to approach each session like it was the last (change starts now)

Front 17

Does Narrative Therapy like theories?

Back 17

No - theories are oppressive and seek to impose one perspective on all people

We must turn to our own narratives in order to understand who we are

Front 18

What are the 3 components of the therapeutic process in Narrative Therapy?

Back 18

1. Consciousness Raising - raise awareness of our privileged position to construct our own story and how powerful the problem has become

2. Choosing - therapists amplify the client's 'taken-for-granted' survival choices/know-hows

3. Counterconditioning - externalizing the problem, increases control and lessens self-blame or guilt

Front 19

In Psychoanalytic Therarpy, what two forces motivate personality?

Back 19

Eros (sex and life)

Thanatos (death and aggression)

Front 20

According to Freud, what is the purpose of Defence Mechanisms?

Back 20

Defence mechanisms develop to control or restrain sexual and aggressive impulses

They prevent us from experiencing anxiety and guilt that would happen if we felt our desires

Front 21

List some specific defence mechanisms

*Review the handout listing defence mechanisms - there's a m.c. question on it

Back 21

*Mechanisms must be unknown or not consciously employed by individual

Altruism

Devaluation

Displacement

Help-rejecting complaining

Humour

Intellectualization

Passive Aggression

Projection

Reaction Formation

Sublimation

Suppression

Front 22

What are Freud's 5 Psychosexual Stages of Development?

Back 22

1. Oral (birth to 1)

2. Anal (2-3)

3. Phallic (3-6)

4. Latency (6-11)

5. Genital (12+)

Front 23

In Psychoanalytical theory, what causes problems/pathology?

Back 23

When someone gets fixated in a stage

Those who are fixated have to spend a lot of energy defending themselves against pregenital impulses instead of dealing with adult stressors

Front 24

In Psychoanalytic theory, what are primary and secondary process thinking?

What is a characteristic of primary thinking?

Back 24

Primary: unconscious (does not distinguish between past, present and future - the past remains alive in our unconscious)

Secondary: conscious

Displacement: placing energies from highly charged emotional ideas onto more neutral ideas

Front 25

How does Psychoanalytic theory describe the ideal individual?

Back 25

The genital personality:

- loves sex without the urgent dependence of the oral character

- is full potent in work without the compulsivity of the anal character

- satisfied with self without the vanity of the phallic character

- altruistic, generous, fully socialized and adjusted

Front 26

Who is a prominent psychologist in Psychodynamic Theory?

Back 26

Alfred Adler - Individual psychology (developed after he broke away from Freud)

Ego Psychology

Front 27

In Psychodynamic theory, what is Fictional Finalism?

Back 27

When individuals create their own fictional goals for living (ideal) and act as if their personal goals are the final purpose for life (we all have an ideal self)

Front 28

According to psychodynamic theory, what is the natural reaction to feelings of inferiority?

Back 28

Striving for superiority - it's an inevitable human experience

Inferiority feelings are not pathological, they motivate us

Front 29

In psychodynamic theory, is birth order important?

Back 29

Yes - it is particularly important regarding lifestyle

Front 30

In Psychodynamic theory, what causes pathological personalities?

Back 30

When someone has become discouraged from attaining superiority in a socially constructive style

They often derive from family atmospheres of competition, mistrust, neglect, domination, abuse or pampering

Front 31

What are 4 selfish goals for obtaining superiority in psychodynamic theory?

Back 31

1. Attention seeking

2. Revenge taking

3. Declaring deficiency or defeat

4. Power seeking

Front 32

What are 3 key components of the Psychodynamic therapeutic process?

Back 32

1. Consciousness raising - reveal dreams, early memories, family constellations (Bibliotherapy to educate, encourage, empower, enlighten, engage and enhance learning through books)

2. Contingency Control - re-evaluate future goals, use images to help clients re-evaluate their consequences

3. Choosing - clients are freer to choose to stay with old styles or create new life, encourage client to experiment with new alternatives

Front 33

Compare/contrast Psychoanalysis & Psychodynamic

*Give three reasons why Erikson's theory is psychodynamic and not psychoanalytic

Back 33

Psychoanalysis---------Psychodynamic

Id (Freud)-------------------Ego (Erikson)

Intrapsychic---------------Interpersonal

Defenses-------------------Master, adaptation

Biological-------------------Social

Front 34

What are the 10 processes of change?

Back 34

1. Consciousness raising (education and feedback)

2. Catharsis/dramatic relief

3. Self-reevaluation

4. Environmental reevaluation

5. Self-liberation

6. Social liberation (I'm pretty sure this was not what the question on the exam was asking about but this is what I talked about haha - the question was about social something... I think the second word started with an 'i'...)

7. Counterconditioning

8. Stimulus control

9. Contingency management

10. Helping relationship

Front 35

What do major psychotherapies diverge more on: process or content?

Back 35

Content - systems of psychotherapy differ on what to change but tend to agree on how to change it

Divergences in content are a function of the multitude of personality theories rather than of a multitude of change processes

Front 36

What are the six stages of change?

*know these for m.c.

Back 36

1. Precontemplation - fails to recognize problem

2. Contemplation - not ready to change but knows action is required

3. Preparation - intention and taking small steps but not enough to be effective

4. Action - doing something to effect change

5. Maintenance - continued change, not static

6. Termination

Also, review Table 17.2 on p. 465 - I found it helpful