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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Trace food from mouth to anus: |
mouth➡️pharynx➡️esophagus➡️stomach➡️duodenum➡️jejunum➡️ileum➡️ascending colon➡️transverse colon➡️descending colon➡️sigmoid colon➡️rectum➡️anus |
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Similarities in GI Tract: |
- movement -innervation - wall structure |
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Parasympathetic |
Stimulates digestion |
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Sympathetic |
Inhibits digestion (shuts down) |
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GI wall layers |
Mucosa Submucosa Muscularis Serosa Peritoneum |
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Mucosa sublayers: |
Epithelium - glandular tissue Latina propria - loose connective tissue Muscularis mucosa - thin layer of smooth muscle |
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Submucosa |
Meissner's Plexus: secreting glands - loose connective tissue |
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Muscularis layers: |
Inner layer: circular Outer layer: longitudinal |
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Muscularis layers: |
Inner layer: circular Outer layer: longitudinal |
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Serosa |
Visceral peritoneum |
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Peritoneum |
Lines abdominal pelvic cavity |
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Peritoneum |
Lines abdominal pelvic cavity |
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What is the largest serous membrane of the body? |
Peritoneum |
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Two layers of Peritoneum |
Parietal lines inner wall of cavity Visceral serosa covers visceral organs |
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Where is peritoneal fluid found? |
Between layers |
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Where is peritoneal fluid found? |
Between layers |
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Palatine Tonsils |
Found between palaglossal and palapharyngeal arches |
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Where is peritoneal fluid found? |
Between layers |
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Palatine Tonsils |
Found between palaglossal and palapharyngeal arches |
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What are the 4 different types of taste receptors on the tongue? |
Bitter Sour Salty Sweet |
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Deciduous (baby) Teeth |
4 incisors 2 cuspids 4 molars = 20 |
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Permanent (adult) Teeth |
4 incisors 2 cuspids 4 pre-molars 6 molars =32 |
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What are the layers of the tooth? |
Crown Neck Root |
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What are the layers of the tooth? |
Crown Neck Root |
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3 pairs of salivary glands: |
Parotid gland Submandibular gland Sublingual gland |
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What are the layers of the tooth? |
Crown Neck Root |
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3 pairs of salivary glands: |
Parotid gland Submandibular gland Sublingual gland |
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What does the parotid gland secrete? |
Saliva into the oral cavity (parotid duct) |
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Where are submandibular glands? |
Beneath the tongue |
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Sublingual glands |
Open to floor of the mouth |
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What are the 2 cell types in salivary glands? |
Serous and mucous |
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What are the 2 cell types in salivary glands? |
Serous and mucous |
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Serous Glands |
Watery, parasympathetic (relaxed), salivary amylase
Buffer acid |
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What are the 2 cell types in salivary glands? |
Serous and mucous |
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Serous Glands |
Watery, parasympathetic (relaxed), salivary amylase
Buffer acid |
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Mucous |
Sympathetic (fight or flight), mucous secretion for lubrication |
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Eustacian tube |
Connected to the middle ear Equalizes air pressure |
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Eustacian tube |
Connected to the middle ear Equalizes air pressure |
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What are the functions of saliva? |
Solvent for taste Lubrication for swallowing Digestion for carbohydrates Cleanser (lysosomes destroys bacteria) |
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What are the functions of the stomach? |
Digestion Food reservoir Limited absorption (NOT nutrients) |
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Why are the stomach walls different then the rest of the GI tract? |
3 layers of smooth muscle |
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Stages of swallowing |
1. Voluntary 2. Pharyngeal 3. Esophageal |
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Stages of swallowing |
1. Voluntary 2. Pharyngeal 3. Esophageal |
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Tongue moves bolus into oropharynx (food in mouth) |
Voluntary stage |
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Peristalsis through pharynx; epiglottis closes (food pushed down throat) |
Pharyngeal stage |
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Peristalsis through pharynx; epiglottis closes (food pushed down throat) |
Pharyngeal stage |
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Peristalsis into stomach |
Esophageal stage |
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What are folds of the gastric mucosa called? |
Rugae |
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4 regions of the stomach: |
Cardia Fundus Body Pyloric |
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What are the 4 types of cells lining the gastric glands? |
Mucous Parietal Chief Endocrine |
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What are the 4 types of cells lining the gastric glands? |
Mucous Parietal Chief Endocrine |
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Which type of cells are only found in the Fundus? |
Parietal cells |
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What are the 4 types of cells lining the gastric glands? |
Mucous Parietal Chief Endocrine |
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Which type of cells are only found in the Fundus? |
Parietal cells |
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Which hormone is found in the stomache? |
Gastrin |
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What are the 3 phases of gastric secretion? |
Cephalic (head) - thoughts and smell of food Gastric (stomach) - presence of food in stomach Enteric (intestinal) - presence of acid chyme in small intestines |
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What are the 3 phases of gastric secretion? |
Cephalic (head) - thoughts and smell of food Gastric (stomach) - presence of food in stomach Enteric (intestinal) - presence of acid chyme in small intestines |
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Functions of the small intestines: |
Finishes digestion Absorption of nutrients Move residue to large intestines |
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Functions of the liver: |
Detoxification Synthesizes bile Storage Activate vitamin D...Ca++ Carbohydrates metabolism Fat metabolism Protein metabolism Phagocytosis - Kupffer's cells |
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Bile Salts |
Emulsify fats |
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What can the build up of bile cause? |
Jaundice |
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Name 3 proteolytic enzymes and how they are activated: |
Trypsinogen: activated by enterkinase Chymotrypsin: activated by trypsin Carboxypeptidase: activated by trypsin |
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What enzymes are secreted by the pancreas? |
Pancreatic amylase Lipases Nucleases Proteases |
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Bile |
Bilirubin (red/orange) + biliverdin (green) comes from hemoglobin of worn out red blood cells |
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Functions of gallbladder: |
Sac under liver Stores bile |
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What separates the small and larger intestine? |
Cecum |
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Bile pathway: |
Liver➡️hepatic ducts➡️common hepatic ducts➡️cystic ducts➡️gallbladder➡️cystic ducts➡️️common bile duct➡️duodenum |
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Bile pathway: |
Liver➡️hepatic ducts➡️common hepatic ducts➡️cystic ducts➡️gallbladder➡️cystic ducts➡️️common bile duct➡️duodenum |
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Large Intestine functions: |
H2O/electrolytes reabsorption Eliminate waste Ferment waste...synthesizes vitamins NO enzyme secretion or digestion |
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List the names of the 2 flexures in the colon: |
Ascending: hepatic flexures Transverse: splenic flexures |
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Name the 2 types of sphincters in the anal canal: |
Internal smooth muscle...subconscious (involuntary)
External skeletal muscle...conscious (voluntary) |
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Villi = |
Absorption |
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Greater omentum = |
Drapes |
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No ducts & secretion = |
Endocrine |
