A&p

Front 1

Anatomy

Back 1

The form and structure of the body and its parts.

Front 2

Physiology

Back 2

The functions of body parts.

Front 3

How does the anatomy of a muscle or bone differ from its physiology?

Back 3

The anatomy of a bone or muscle pertains to its location, structure, and form, whereas the physiology pertains to its function and purpose.

Hint 3

Form versus function.

Front 4

How might abnormalities in an animal's anatomy or physiology have a negative impact on its health and well being?

Back 4

Abnormalities in anatomy may prevent proper function and operation, such as a deformed bone in a leg will disable that leg. Abnormalities in physiology mean that a structure does not function normally regardless of appearance, such as diabetes.

Front 5

Transverse planes

Back 5

A plane across the body that divides it into cranial and caudal parts that are not necessarily equal.

Front 6

Sagittal planes

Back 6

A plane that runs the length of the body and divides it into left and right parts that are not necessarily equal halves.

Front 7

Median plane

Back 7

Sagittal plane that runs down the center of the body lengthwise and divides it into equal left and right halves.

Front 8

Dorsal plane

Back 8

A plane at right angles to the sagittal and transverse planes. It divides the body into dorsal and ventral parts that are not necessarily equal.

Front 9

Cranial

Back 9

Toward the head end of the body.

Front 10

Caudal

Back 10

Towards the tail end of the body.

Front 11

Rostral

Back 11

Towards the tip of the nose.

Front 12

Dorsal

Back 12

Toward the back.

Front 13

Ventral

Back 13

Toward the belly.

Front 14

Medial

Back 14

Toward the median plane.

Front 15

Lateral

Back 15

Away from the median plane.

Front 16

Deep

Back 16

Toward the center - whole body or part.

Front 17

Superficial

Back 17

Toward the surface - whole body or part.

Front 18

Proximal

Back 18

Toward the body.

Front 19

Distal

Back 19

Away from the body.

Front 20

Palmar

Back 20

Bottom of front foot.

Front 21

Plantar

Back 21

Bottom of hind foot.

Front 22

How does each of the anatomical planes of reference divide a cow's body? (Sagittal, median, transverse, and dorsal.)

Back 22

The sagittal planes divide a cow's body from nose to hind. The median plane is the most central sagittal plane, running the length of the cow's body in two equal halves - left and right. The transverse planes divide the cow's body into front and back sections at a 90° angle to the median plane. The dorsal plane divides the cow's body into top and bottom sections, where the cow's back is dorsal and the belly is ventral.

Front 23

Which surface of a hamster's front leg is in contact with the ground when it is walking normally? What surface of the hind leg?

Back 23

Palmar and plantar, respectively.

Front 24

Bilateral symmetry

Back 24

The left and right halves mirror each other.

Front 25

Dorsal body cavity

Back 25

Contains the brain, brain stem, and spinal cord. Consists of two parts: a semi-spherical cranial cavity and a long narrow spinal cavity.

Front 26

Cranial cavity

Back 26

Part of the dorsal body cavity, also known as the cranium. Formed by the skull.

Front 27

Spinal cavity

Back 27

Part of the dorsal cavity, known as the spinal canal. Formed by the vertebrae.

Front 28

Ventral body cavity

Back 28

Contains viscera (soft organs) and divided into two parts by the diaphragm - the thorax and the abdomen.

Front 29

Thoracic cavity

Back 29

One part of the ventral body cavity, cranial to the diaphragm. Contains the heart, lungs, esophagus, and many major blood vessels. All organs are covered with pleura - visceral pleura coats the organs themselves, the parietal layer lines the cavity.

Front 30

Abdominal cavity

Back 30

Ventral body cavity caudal to the diaphragm. Contains the digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs, which are coated with a thin membrane called peritoneum (which also lines the cavity itself).

Front 31

Pleura

Back 31

Thin membrane that coats the thoracic organs and lines the inside of the thoracic cavity.

Front 32

Peritoneum

Back 32

Thin membrane that coats the organs of the abdominal cavity and lines the abdominal cavity.

Front 33

According to the principle of bilateral symmetry, single structures in the body are located on or near which anatomical plane of reference?

Back 33

The medial plane.

Front 34

What are the four types of tissues?

Back 34

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.

Front 35

Epithelial tissue

Back 35

Composed entirely of cells, it's main function is to cover body surfaces. It also forms glands.

Front 36

Connective tissue

Back 36

Holds the body together. Ranges from very soft (adipose) to very firm (bone). Composed of cells and a variety of nonliving intracellular substances such as fibers.

Front 37

Muscular tissue

Back 37

Moves the body internally and externally. Comprised of three types: cardiac, skeletal, and smooth.

Front 38

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

Back 38

Cardiac, skeletal, and smooth.

Front 39

Skeletal muscle

Back 39

Moves the bones of the skeleton, most often under conscious nervous system control.

Front 40

Cardiac muscle

Back 40

Makes up the heart and operates without conscious nervous system control.

Front 41

Smooth muscle

Back 41

Found in internal organs such as the urinary bladder and digestive tract and operates without conscious nervous system control.

Front 42

Nervous tissue

Back 42

Transmits information around the body and controls body functions.

Front 43

Organs

Back 43

Made up of groups of tissues that work together for a common purpose.

Front 44

Systems

Back 44

The most complex level of body organization, systems are groups of organs that are involved in a common set of activities.

Front 45

Homeostasis

Back 45

The maintenance of a dynamic equilibrium in the body.

Front 46

How does the normal anatomy and physiology of cells in an animal's body impact the health of the animal as a whole? How does the normal anatomy and physiology of the animal's body as a whole impact the health of the cells?

Back 46

Front 47

How do homeostatic mechanisms influence the health of the animal?

Back 47

By maintaining optimal conditions for health - such as proper oxygen, pH, temperature, hydration, and nutrition - cellular health and thusly overall health is best managed.

Front 48

Matter

Back 48

Anything that has mass and takes up space.

Front 49

Element

Back 49

Cannot be divided into another substance by ordinary chemical processes.

Front 50

Which are the most common elements in a living animal?

Back 50

Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen. Minor elements also include calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, and magnesium.

Front 51

Atom

Back 51

Smallest unit of an element that retains the unique properties of that element. Comprised of negatively charged particles called electrons, positively charged particles called protons, and neutral particles called neutrons.

Front 52

Atomic weight

Back 52

The collective number of neutrons and protons in an element's atomic nucleus.

Front 53

Atomic number

Back 53

Collective number of protons in an element's atomic nucleus.

Front 54

Ion

Back 54

An atom with either more or fewer electrons than usual, giving it either a negative or positive charge respectively.

Front 55

Isotope

Back 55

An atom with either more or fewer neutrons than usual.

Front 56

Compound

Back 56

A molecule with atoms of different elements.

Front 57

Molecule

Back 57

More than one atom joined together.

Front 58

Covalent bond

Back 58

A bond formed when atoms share electrons.

Front 59

Chemical bond

Back 59

The way that atoms join together to form molecules.

Front 60

Ionic bond

Back 60

A bond formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another. When this occurs, the donor atom becomes positively charged and the recipient becomes negatively charged, resulting in electrostatic attraction.

Front 61

Cation

Back 61

Positively charged ion.

Front 62

Anion

Back 62

Negatively charged ion.

Front 63

Hydrogen bond

Back 63

A specific type of weak chemical bond between hydrogen atoms already covalently bonded in a molecule to oppositely charged particles. This occurs mostly between molecules.

Front 64

Chemical reaction

Back 64

Formation and destruction of chemical bonds.

Front 65

Activation energy

Back 65

The energy required for a reaction to occur.

Front 66

Catalyst

Back 66

A type of molecule that starts out speeds up a chemical reaction.

Front 67

Enzymes

Back 67

Special catalysts that are not used up in a chemical reaction. Generally used in digestion.

Front 68

What are the four properties of water that make it so necessary for life?

Back 68

Water is a universal solvent.

Water is an ideal transport medium.

Water has a high heat capacity and a high heat of vaporization.

Water is used for lubrication.

Front 69

Electrolytes

Back 69

Substances that have the ability to transmit an electrical charge.

Front 70

What is the pH scale?

Back 70

Front 71

What does pH measure?

Back 71

Concentration of H+ ions (acidic) and OH- ions (basic).

Front 72

Buffer

Back 72

A substance that limits the accumulation of excessive hydrogen or hydroxyl ions.

Front 73

Carbohydrates

Back 73

Used for energy, storage of energy, and cellular structure. Examples include: monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides, and glucose.

Front 74

Hydrolysis

Back 74

The use of water to break down carbohydrates. A form of catabolism.

Front 75

Dehydration synthesis

Back 75

Removal of water to build a molecule. A form of anabolism.

Front 76

Glucose formula

Back 76

C6H12O6

Front 77

What the elements are found in all carbohydrates?

Back 77

Carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen.

Front 78

Lipid

Back 78

Used in the body for energy, and are stored in fat for further energy needs. Some serve as messengers in the form of hormones. There are four classifications of lipids: neutral fats, phospholipids, steroids, and eicosanoids.

Front 79

Neutral fats

Back 79

Triglycerides or fats. Contains three fatty acids and a glycerol molecule (modified sugar). Hydrophobic.

Front 80

Phospholipids

Back 80

Much like triglycerides, they have a glycerol backbone and two fatty acids, but in place of the third fatty acid there is a phosphate group. Hydrophilic and polar, this allows the molecules to line up and form a bilayer.

Front 81

Steroids

Back 81

Lipids that take the form of four interlocking hydrocarbon rings. Hydrophobic, non-polar, and differentiated by attaching unique functional groups.

Front 82

Eicosanoids

Back 82

Lipids formed from a twenty-carbon fatty acid and ring structure. Meditate certain chemical processes and include prostaglandins, thromboxane, and leukotrienes.

Front 83

Protiens

Back 83

The most abundant organic molecule in the body. Used for cell structures and structural body tissues, controlling chemical reactions, regulating growth, and immunity. Also act as catalysts and facilitate metabolic processes.

Front 84

Amino acids

Back 84

There are twenty forms used by the body. Contains a central carbon atom attached to a hydrogen atom, an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a "side chain". Carboxyls link via peptide bonds.

Front 85

Nucleic acids

Back 85

Largest molecules of the body. DNA and RNA. Comprised of nucleotides.

Front 86

Cell

Back 86

Basic unit of living things. Can exist alone as a single organism or can combine with other cells to form more complex organisms.

Front 87

What governs a cell's development, metabolism, and specialization?

Back 87

Generic material, or DNA.

Front 88

Prokaryotes

Back 88

Single-celled organisms that do not possess a nucleus. ("Pro-" meaning "before" and "karyote" meaning "nucleus".)

Front 89

Eukaryotes

Back 89

Cells characterized by a distinct nucleus. ("Eu-" meaning "true" and "karyote" meaning "nucleus".)

Front 90

Why is cell size limited?

Back 90

Size is limited by two factors: surface area ratio (a large cell with a small surface area would not be able to properly distribute nutrients before starving), and governing capability of the nucleus (a single nucleus had better control of a small cell).

Hint 90

There are two reasons!

Front 91

What structures can be found in all animal cells?

Back 91

A cell membrane, cytoplasm, a nucleus, and organelles (such as mitochondria).

Front 92

What structures can be found in all animal cells?

Back 92

A cell membrane, cytoplasm, a nucleus, and organelles (such as mitochondria).

Front 93

Cell membrane

Back 93

A flexible, elastic barrier comprised of a phospholipid bilayer and peripheral proteins which serves as a boundary between extracellular and intracellular compartments and controls the passage of substances into and out of a cell.

Front 94

Cytosol

Back 94

The fluid of a cell.

Front 95

Mitochondria

Back 95

The powerhouse of the cell, produces 95% of the energy that fuels the cell.

Front 96

Ribosomes

Back 96

Comprised of two subunits and containing ribosomal RNA, these create and assemble proteins for cellular use.

Front 97

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 97

Or "ER", comes in smooth and rough forms. The rough form has ribosomes on its surface and is involved in protein production. The smooth ER is active in the synthesis and storage of lipids.

Front 98

Golgi Apparatus

Back 98

Found near the nucleus, modifies and packages proteins from the rough ER for delivery throughout the cell.

Front 99

Lysosomes

Back 99

Special vesicles formed by the golgi apparatus, contains enzymes designed to break down nutrient molecules.

Front 100

Nucleus

Back 100

The control center of the cell, lines by a nuclear envelope and containing chromatin - the raw DNA of the cell.

Front 101

Hypertonic

Back 101

More concentrated than the cytoplasm.

Front 102

Hypotonic

Back 102

Less concentrated than the cytoplasm.

Front 103

Isotonic

Back 103

Equilibrium, equal to the concentration of the cytoplasm.

Front 104

What are the stages of cell division?

Back 104

Interphase and the Miotic phase.

Front 105

Interphase

Back 105

G1, S, and G2. Can last a very long time.

Front 106

Mitosis

Back 106

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokenisis.

Front 107

Prophase

Back 107

Chromatin condenses into chromosomes, comprised of two identical chromatids linked together at the center (kinetochore or centromere).

Front 108

Metaphase

Back 108

Chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate.

Front 109

Anaphase

Back 109

The chromosomes split apart and are drawn towards the opposed centrioles.

Front 110

Telophase

Back 110

Chromosomes unravel and are repackaged into a new nucleus.

Front 111

Histology

Back 111

Microanatomy, the study of the microscopic structures of tissues and organs.

Front 112

What are the six functions of epithelial tissue?

Back 112

Protection, filtration, absorption, sensory input, secretion, and excretion.

Front 113

What are the junction types between epithelial cells?

Back 113

Tight, gap, and desmosome. A tight junction holds cells together with proteins. A gap junction has holes in it to allow communication between cells. And a desmosome is held together with intracellular filaments.

Front 114

Basement membrane

Back 114

A nonliving network of fibers on which epithelial cells are cemented.

Front 115

Squamous epithelia

Back 115

Delicate and thin, flat and smooth.

Front 116

Cuboidal epithelia

Back 116

Square, often excretory.

Front 117

Columnar epithelia

Back 117

Elongated and closely packed, thicker than simple forms of other epithelium. Nuclei are not centrally located, but usually aligned toward the basement membrane.

Front 118

Stratified epithelium

Back 118

Multi layered.

Front 119

Pseudostratified epithelium

Back 119

Not truly stratified, but has the appearance as the nuclei are found at multiple levels of the tissue layer.

Front 120

Transitional epithelium

Back 120

May change in appearance as the need arises, usually in organs that stretch such as the bladder.

Front 121

What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?

Back 121

Endocrine glands do not have ducts and release their contents directly into the bloodstream or throughout the body. Exocrine glands act locally.

Front 122

Merocrine gland

Back 122

Secrete via exocytosis, packaging their sections and releasing them.

Front 123

Apocrine gland

Back 123

Secretes by cytokenisis, losing the top portion of the cell completely.