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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What are the complications of needle thoracentesis? |
- Local haematoma - Pleural infection - Pneumothorax |
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What are the 3 classifications of a head injury? |
- Scalp wound - Skull fracture - Brain injury |
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What are the different types of wound? |
- Laceration - Incision - Puncture - Impalement - Abrasion - Burn - GSW (fragmentation) - External haemorrhaging |
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Define ‘tube thoracentesis’ |
Insertion of a chest drain tube through the 5th intercostal space, slightly anterior to the mid axillary line, on the infected side to remove blood or air. |
Include location |
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What are the complications of tube thoracentesis? |
- Back flow - Blocked chest tube - Haematoma - Dislodged chest tube - Local/Pleural infection |
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Define ‘open wound’ |
One in which there is a disruption in the continuity of the skin |
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What are the 3 pressure points? |
- Subclavian - Brachial - Femoral |
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Name 5 ways you could achieve haemorrhage control |
- Direct pressure - Elevation - Pressure points - Haemostatic agent - Splinting |
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Define ‘closed wound’ |
Blunt trauma to the area causing damage to underlying soft tissue, but no break in the skin continuity. |
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Define ‘fracture’ |
Chip, crack or break in the continuity of a bone |
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Define ‘closed fracture’ |
The bone is fractured without a break in the overlying skin |
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Define ‘open fracture’ |
Bone is fracture and protruding through overlying skin |
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Define ‘complicated fracture’ |
Bone ends cause injury to important structures of the body |
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Define ‘comminuted fracture’ |
Bone has fractured into many pieces |
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State the amount of blood lost from the following body parts: - Fractured pelvis - Haemothorax - Closed femoral fracture - Closed tibial fracture - Fist sized blood clot - Fractured rib |
- Fractured pelvis = 3l+ - Haemothorax = up to 2l each side of chest - Closed femoral fracture = 1.5l - Closed tibial fracture = 500ml - Fist sized blood clot = 500ml - Fractured rib = 150ml |
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What are the contraindications for oral fluids? |
- Those requiring surgeries - Major abdominal trauma - Risk of vomiting |
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What are the indications for IV access? |
- Administration of drugs - Access for fluid resuscitation - Prior to chest drain - Prolonged entrapment |
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What are some of the early complications of cannulation? |
- Haematoma - Air embolus - Shearing - Needle breakage - Perforation of vein |
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What are the indications for IO access? |
Emergency vascular access Major burns Profound shock Overwhelming sepsis Other methods have failed - IV Cardiopulmonary arrest |
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What are the contraindications of IO access? |
Fractures Infections Osteoporosis |
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Name the 2 types of IO |
FAST EZIO |
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What are the 3 EZIO needle sizes? |
Pink - 15mm Blue - 25mm Yellow - 45mm |
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Where would you site an IO? |
Tibial plateau Humeral head Sternum (FAST) |
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Where would you site an IO? |
Tibial plateau Humeral head Sternum (FAST) |
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Name the 5 types of shock |
Cardiogenic shock Septic shock Anaphylactic shock Hypovolemic shock Neurogenic shock |
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What are the general signs and symptoms of shock? |
Hypoxia Anxiety Reduced blood pressure Increased pulse/resp rate Pale cold/clammy skin Poor urine output Altered levels of consciousness (ALOC) |
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Define ‘hypovolemic shock’ |
Result from whole blood and plasma loss, fluid and electrolyte loss |
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What are the 3 types of pain relief? |
Physical - splinting and cooling Psychological - reassurance Pharmacological - drugs |
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What are the 3 types of pain relief? |
Physical - splinting and cooling Psychological - reassurance Pharmacological - drugs |
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What are the contraindications for the fentanyl lozenge? |
Unconsciousness Difficulty breathing Altered level of consciousness (ALOC) Head injury |
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What is entonox? |
A safe analgesic which comprises 50% oxygen and 50% nitrogen |
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What are the contraindications for entonox? |
Head injuries Chest injuries Decompression sickness First 16 weeks of pregnancy Drug and alcohol intoxication Mental illness Confusion Cold conditions below 6 degrees |
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What drug is used to reverse opiate overdose? |
Naloxone hydrochloride - Narcan 400mcg/ml |
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What are the contraindications for naloxone? |
Known hypersensitivity |
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Name the 2 types of seizure |
Partial Generalized |
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Define poisoning |
A substance taken in sufficient quality that can cause harm |
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What are the 5 types of poisoning? |
Opiates Prescribed medicine Toxins/solvents Alcohol Carbon monoxide |
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Define ‘hypoglycaemia’ |
Abnormally low blood sugar, below 3.5mmols |
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What are the signs/symptoms of ICP (intracranial pressure)? |
Hypertension Bradycardia Reduced consciousness Abnormal posturing Abnormal resp patterns |
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What are the 10 principles of continuous care? |
Personal hygiene Controlling body temperature Maintain dignity Pressure areas Dying Maintaining safe environment Communication Food and water Toileting Dressings |
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What does ‘HITMAN’ stand for? |
Head to toe examination Infection Tubes Medication Analgesia Nutrition |
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Name the 5 burn categories |
Electrical Chemicals Radiation Friction Thermal (hot and cold) |
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What are the 3 burn depths and how do they present? |
Superficial - red, swollen, tender Partial thickness - wet, visible skin loss, broken skin, infection risk Full thickness - black/white leathery appearance, possible damage to underlying structures |
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What do we use to measure burns? |
Wallace’s rule of nines |
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Define ‘nasogastric intubation’ |
The passing of a nasogastric tube via the nasal passage down the oesophagus into the stomach |
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What are the indications for nasogastric intubation? |
Abdominal injury Suspected intestinal injury Per/post abdominal surgery Suspected peritonitis |
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What are the contraindications for nasogastric intubation? |
Suspected basal skull fracture Nasal trauma Intestinal perforation Abdominal oesophageal tract…? |
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What are the complications of nasogastric intubation? |
Damage to nasal passage Induced vomiting Cooling of NG tube Passing of tube down trachea |
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Define 'bladder catheterisation' |
Passing of a urethral catheter into the bladder by the urethral or suprapubic route for diagnostic or therapeutic pleasure |
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What are the indications for bladder catheterisation? |
- Monitoring of fluid balance - Unable to pass urine - Abdominal/pelvic injury - Head injury - Post anaesthetic - Unmanageable incontinence |
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What are the contraindications for bladder catheterisation? |
- Major pelvic fracture - Urethral bleeding |
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What are the complications for bladder catheterisation? |
- Damaged urethra - Local urinary tract infection - Ureteric catheterisation |
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Name the 5 types of chemical agents |
- Blood - Nerve - Choking - Blister - Incapacitating |
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State the 5 stages/symptoms of an open pneumothorax |
- Reduced/unequal chest movement - Emphysema - Cyanosis - Reduced air entry - Hyper resonance |
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State 5 signs and symptoms of an open pneumothorax |
- Reduced/unequal chest movement - Emphysema - Cyanosis - Reduced air entry - Hyper resonance |
Same as open pneumothorax |
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What are the 2 causes of a tension pneumothorax? |
- Blunt chest trauma - Penetrating trauma |
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What are the 5 limitations of CUF (care under fire)? |
- Hostile forces and enemy fire - Equipment limitations - Limited visibility - Comms difficulty - Time |
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What are the first 2 principles of CUF? |
- Win the fire fight - Casualties self-treat and return fire |
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Name the 3 environments of CUF and what treatment can be provided in each |
Non-permissive = CUF Semi-permissive = TRaPS Permissive = Detailed primary survey |
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What are the 3 types of entrapment? |
Actual - physically ensnared Relative - trapped bu injury/environment |
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Define 'extrication' |
The removal or withdrawal of a trapped casualty |
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What are the 3 levels of extrication? |
- Routine - Urgent - Emergency |
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Define 'triage' |
The assignment of treatment and evacuation priorities to the wounded and sick at each echelon of medical care |
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What are the triage priorities and colour codes? |
T1 - red T2 - yellow T3 - green T4 expectant - white |
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What is the scale for Triage Sort and what does it comprise? |
Numerical scale 0-12, based on RR, BP and GCS |
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Define 'mass casualty' |
Where the amount of casualties temporarily overwhelms the available medical and logistical capabilities |
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What are the Major Incident levels of command? |
- Bronze - Silver - Gold |
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What are the 3 areas of operation? |
- Operations during peacetime - Operations other than war - War |
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Define 'hazard' |
Something that has the potential to cause harm |
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What is the acronym used for scene management? |
CSCATTT Command and control Safety Communication Assessment/extrication Triage Treatment Transport |
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What are the 3 circles on the Hazard Spectrum? |
-Trauma/burns - Medical/toxicological - Environmental |
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What does 'METHANE' stand for? |
- My callsign - Exact location - Type of incident - Hazards - Access - Number and severity of casualties - Emergency services required |
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What are the 3 key elements of the Framework for Military Acute Care? |
- Scene management
- Casualty management - Self |
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What are the indications for a cricothyroidotomy? |
- Trauma/burns to face and neck - Conscious casualty - Total upper airway obstruction |
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