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99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Types of entrapment |
Actual Relative |
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Types of extrication |
Routine Urgent Emergency |
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Principles of extraction |
Teamwork Training Preparation Correct equipment |
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List technical rescue skills |
Rope rescue Water rescue Search and rescue Fire fighting and rescue Heavy rescue Tactical rescue Confined space rescue Rescue from collapsed structures |
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What are the limitations of CUF? |
Hostile forces and enemy fire Equipment limitations Limited visibility Communication difficulties Time |
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Name the principals of CUF |
Win the fire fight Casualty return fire if possible Apply self aid Extract to cover Face down(gravity) for airway support |
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List the triage priorities |
Priority 1 (T1) Red Priority 2 (T2) Yellow Priority 3 (T3) Green
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Name the incident levels of command |
Bronze Silver Gold |
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Types of drowning |
Near drowning Dry drowning Fresh water drowning Salt water drowning Secondary drowning |
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Complications of drowning |
Hypoxia Prolonged immersion |
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Mammalian diving reflex |
Mainly in the young Suspended animation Primitive reflex Usually cold environments |
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Drowning management |
Establish airway CPR if required 100% O2 Check pulse in 2 sites |
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Causes of anaphylaxis |
Food Drugs Insect bites/stings Blood transfusion |
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Recognition of anaphylaxis |
History Itchy/hives Swelling Hypotension Sweating |
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Management of anaphylaxis |
Lay casualty flat, legs raised Remove further absorbition Rapid assessment |
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Treatment of anaphylaxis |
Epinephrine Adrenaline 1:1000 IM 500mcg |
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Three categories of asthma |
Mild Severe Life threatening |
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Causes of respiratory arrest |
Airway obstruction Cardiac arrest Trauma Damaged/depressed respiratory centre |
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Recognition of respiratory arrest |
Unconscious Cyanosis No respiratory effort Collapse Mechanism of injury |
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Name 3 types of chest injuries |
Pneumothorax Haemothorax Flail Segment |
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Pneumothorax Causes |
Spontaneous Trauma Penetrative |
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3 types of pneumothorax |
Simple Tension Open/sucking |
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Recognition of simple/open pneumothorax |
Mechanism of injury Obvious wound Reduced air entry Cyanosis Dyspnoea Tachypnea |
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2 types of Haemothorax |
Simple Massive |
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Causes of a Haemothorax |
Chest trauma |
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Recognition of a Haemothorax |
Mechanism of injury Obvious wounds Unequal chest movement Tachypnoea |
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Definition of a flail segment |
Breaking of two or more ribs in two or more adjacent places |
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Recognition of a flail segment |
Mechanism of injury Obvious wound/bruising Reduced/absent breath sounds Tachypnoea |
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Reasons for an advanced airway |
Protect the airway from obstruction Control oxygenation and ventilation Inability to clear/maintwin airway using simple techniques |
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What is ET intubation |
Passing of a cuffed endotracheal tube through the vocal chords into the trachea |
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Indications of ET tube insertion |
Deeply unconscious Casualty transfer Management of head injuries Potential airway obstruction |
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Types of shock |
Hypovolemic Anaphylactic Septic Neurogenic Cardiogenic |
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4 stages of shock |
Initial Compensatory Progressive Refractory |
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Signs and symptoms of shock |
Hypotension Increase pulse rate Increase resp rate Altered conscious level |
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3 methods of pain relief |
Physical-splitage and immobilisation Chemical-use of drugs Psychological-reassurence |
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Prior to administration, you must ascertain what? |
What is the pain like How bad is the pain (scale) How long they have had the pain Dose anything make it better/worse |
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3 types of drugs |
Fentanyl operational analgesia Entonox Oral analgesia |
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Administration of fentanyl |
1st dose given over 15mins 2nd dose 30 mins after completing 1st dose |
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Absorption rates of fentanyl |
25% rapidly absorbed through lining of mouth 75% absorbed through stomach after being swallowed |
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Advantages of fentanyl |
Rapid and simple use Patient had control Few side effects Improved safety Improved pain control |
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When not to give fentanyl |
A reduced level of response Difficulty breathing A head injury |
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Composition of entanox |
50% nitrous oxide 50% oxygen |
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Contraindications of entanox |
Head injury Chest injury Drug/alcohol intoxication Unconscious Cold conditions |
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Short term side effects of entanox |
Nausea Vomiting Dizziness Euphoria |
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Types of oral analgesia |
Paracetamol Ibuprofen Aspirin |
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Indication for oral analgesia |
Mild to moderate pain |
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Definition of an open wound |
Disruption in the continuity of the skin. This includes burns. It is usually obvious |
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Types of wounds |
Laceration Incision Puncture Abrasion Burn GSW Impalement |
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Wound management |
Cut away clothing Do not remove foreign matter Dress wound carefully Burns apply clingfilm |
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How to control a haemorrhage |
Direct pressure using dressing Elevation Indirect pressure with pressure points Splitinf Haemostasis agents |
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Pressure Points |
Subclavian Brachial Femoral |
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Definifion of closed wound |
Blunt trauma causing damage to underlying soft tissue, but no break in skin continuity. |
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Definition of fracture |
Chip,crack or break in the continuity of a bone |
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Definition of closed/simple fracture |
The bone is fractured without breaking the overlying skin |
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Open/compound fracture |
The bone is fractured and protruding through the overlaying skin and tissue. Allows contamination of the wound |
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Definition of complicated fracture |
Bone ends cause injury to important structures of the body |
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Comminuted fracture |
Bone has fractured into many pieces |
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Definition of a dislocation |
Injury that causes a joint to be pushed don't of place |
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Signs and symptoms of internal haemorrhage |
Increased pulse rate Sweelinf over site Tenderness to touch Hypo-resonance within chest Ridgid areas felt over abdominal area |
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Management of internal haemorrhage |
Requires urgent treatment Blood transfusion Surgical intervention |
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IV access indications |
Administration of drugs Access for fluid resuscitation Prior to chest drain Prolonged entrapment |
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Equipment for cannulation |
Disposal tourniquet Cannula 10ml syringe and flush PPE Dressing |
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Early complications of cannultion |
Perforation of vein Heamotoma Damage to other structures Needed breakage |
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Late complications of cannulation |
Thrombophlebitis Local infection Systemic infection |
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IO access indications |
Emergency vascular access Major burns Profound shock Cardiac arrest |
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IO contra-indications |
Fractures Infection Osteoporosis |
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FAST Contra-indications |
Under 12 years Sternotomy |
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Sites of EZIO |
Tibial plateau Humeral head |
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Name the 2 types of thoracentesis |
Needle Tube |
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Indications of a needle thoracentesis |
Tension pneumothorax Developed open pneumothorax MOI |
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Complications of needle thoracentesis |
Local haematoma Local or pleural infection Pneumothorax |
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Indications of tube thoracentesis |
Massive heamothroax Haemothorax Pneumothorax |
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Complications of tube thoracentesis |
Blocked/kinked chest tube Back flow Dislodged chest tube Incorrect tube placement Heamotoma |
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Timings of trauma death |
Instantaneous: 0-10 mins Early: approx 10mins to 2hrs Late: days to weeks later |
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Causes of injury |
Blunt trauma Penetrative trauma Climate |
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Collision types |
Frontal Rear impact Lateral or side impact Rotational Rollover |
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Three methods to assess the level of consciousness |
AVPU PEARLA GCS |
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Reasons for bilaterally fixed and dilated pupils |
Dead Hypoxia Hypovolemic shock Atropine and ecstasy |
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Reasons for unilaterally fixed and dilated pupils |
Brain injury Stroke |
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Causes of unconsciousness |
Hypothermia Cardiac arrest Infection Head injury Epilepsy Fait Drug/alcohol ingestion Hyperthermia Diabetic ketoacidosis |
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Two types of seizure |
Partial seizure Generalised seizure |
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Causes of a epileptic/fitting causalty |
Battle shock Mental illness Hyperventilation Hypothermia Hypoglycaemia |
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Management of a epileptic/fitting causalty |
Get a history Protect patient from harm Allow fit to subside Primary survey Oxygenation Identify and treat cause if possible |
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Recognition of a epileptic/fitting causalty |
Witness report Past history fits Sudden collapse May have urinated May be drowsy or asleep following fit |
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Types of poisoning |
Opiates Prescribed medicines Toxins/solvent Alcohol Carbon monoxide |
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Recognition of poisoning |
Puncture marks Drowsiness Smell of alcohol Tachycardia Nasal bleeding Excessive sweating |
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Poisons management |
Initial assessment and primary survey Give an antidote Evacuate Take evidence |
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Causes of hypoglycaemia |
Missed meals Excessive use of insulin Changes in insulin therapy |
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Definition of hypoglycaemia |
Abnormally low blood sugar < 3.0mmols |
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3 layers of the brain |
Dura mater Arachnoid mater Pia mater |
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3 parts of the brain stem |
Medulla oblegata brain Mid brainPons varolii |
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Classification of head injuries |
Skull fracture Brian injuries Scalp wounds |
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Signs and symptoms of a base skull fracture |
Bleeding from ears Fluid from ear and nose Blood stained eyes Racoon eyes |
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3 types of ICP |
Subdural Heamotoma Extradural Heamotoma Subarachnoid Heamotoma |
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Signs and symptoms of a head injury |
Aggression Nausea Vomiting Anxiety ALOC Physical wound |
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Definition of dyspnoea |
Difficulty breathing |
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Definition of diabetic coma |
Collapse or acute illness by hyer/hypoglycaemia |
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Reasons for bilaterally pinpoint pupils |
Opiate overdose |
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Reasons for irregular pupils |
Truma Stigmatise Eye operation |
