Chapter 5- Microbial Metabolism

Front 1

What are the aerobic respiration processes?

Back 1

Kreb's and Electron Transport

Front 2

What are the anaerobic respiration processes?

Back 2

glycolysis and fermentation

Front 3

the sum of the chemical reactions in an organism

Back 3

metabolism

Front 4

a sequence of enzymatically catalyzed chemical reactions in a cell

Back 4

metabolic pathway

Front 5

the energy-releasing processes

Back 5

catabolism

Front 6

the energy using processes

Back 6

anabolism

Front 7

______ builds and ______ breaks down

Back 7

anabolism, catabolism

Front 8

proteins made o amino acids encoded by genes

Back 8

enzymes

Front 9

Enzymes are _______ that are specific for a chemical reaction; not used up in that reaction

Back 9

biological catalysts

Front 10

a metabolic pathway begins with a specific molecule and ends with a ______

Back 10

product

Front 11

each step is catalyzed by a ______ enzyme

Back 11

specific

Front 12

Do not make a reaction happen – they only speed it up(increase reaction rate)

Decrease the amount of activation energy required

Are not altered or used up during a reaction

Can be re-used many times

Back 12

enzymes

Front 13

Can catalyze the forward and reverse of the same reaction

Can become saturated if too much substrate is present

Fit the substrate like a lock & key – more correctly called “induced fit”

Back 13

enzymes

Front 14

What are the important coenzymes?

Back 14

NAD+

NADP+

FAD

Coenzyme A

Front 15

What denatures an enzyme? (3)

Back 15

high temperature

chemicals

pH changes

Front 16

inhibitor blocks the active site of the enzyme

sulfa drugs block bacterial enzymes

Back 16

competitive inhibition

Front 17

inhibitor blocks allosteric site of enzyme

cyanide can bind the iron in iron-containing enzymes

fluoride can bind calcium or magnesium in enzymes

Back 17

noncompetitive inhibition

Front 18

Oxidation is the removal of electrons (NAD+).

Reduction is the gain of electrons (NADH).

Redox reaction is an oxidation reaction paired with areduction reaction.

Back 18

Oxidation-Reduction

Front 19

In biological systems, the electrons are oftenassociated with hydrogen atoms. Biological oxidationsare often ________.

Back 19

dehydrogenations

Front 20

may also be coenzymes (NAD+,FAD, etc.)

FAD = flavin adenine dinucleotide

NAD+ = nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

Both come from vitamins (niacin and riboflavin) and canparticipate in redox reactions

Back 20

Electron Carriers

Front 21

Source of immediately usable energy for the cell

Much of the energy released during redox reactionsis trapped within the cell by the formation of ___

Adenine-containing RNA nucleotide with threephosphate groups

Back 21

ATP

Front 22

The breakdown of carbohydrates to release energy

Back 22

Carbohydrate Catabolism

Front 23

Most microbes use two general processes:

(Both processes generally use glycolysis as a first step, but then continue down different pathways)

Back 23

cellular respiration and fermentation

Front 24

The oxidation of glucose into 2 pyruvic acid molecules,which also produces 2 net ATP and 2 NADH.

Occurs in the cytoplasm

Used by both aerobes and anaerobes (operateswithout oxygen input)

Back 24

Glycolysis

Front 25

Aerobic respiration: The final electron acceptor in theelectron transport chain is molecular ______

Usually involves the Kreb’s cycle

And the ETC

Back 25

oxygen (O2)

Front 26

Anaerobic respiration: The final electron acceptor inthe electron transport chain is ____ O2. Yields _____ than aerobic respiration.

Usually involves fermentation

Or and anaerobic ETC

Back 26

not;less energy

Front 27

Kreb’s only accepts _______ molecules. The 2 pyruvic acid molecules (3-carbon molecules from glycolsis) are converted into _______ molecules.

usually occurs in the _____ or _____

Back 27

2 carbon, 2 acetyl CoA

cytoplasm or mitcochondria

Front 28

The Krebs cycle is also called the ________ or ______ cycle

Back 28

tricarboxylic acid (TCA); citric acid

Front 29

Every carbon atom in glucose (there are ___) is oxidized to a ____ molecule, and released

Back 29

6, CO2

Front 30

Pyruvic acid molecules from glycolysis can beconverted into organic molecules

Does not yield any ATP, but 2 net ATP may

come fromglycolysis

Does not require oxygen (can occur in its presence)

Does not require Krebs cycle or ETC

Uses an organic molecule as the final electronacceptor

Back 30

Fermentation

Front 31

produces ethyl alcohol + CO2

Back 31

alcohol fermenation

Front 32

bread, beer, and wine are the main food products associated with _____ fermentations

Back 32

yeast

Front 33

Pyruvate is converted into just lactic acid (homolactic),or lactic acid and other products (heterolactic)

Several types of ______ pathways existin bacteria and in mammalian muscle cells

Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, and Streptococcus bacteria

Back 33

lactic acid fermentations

Front 34

what are some examples of lactic acid fermentations?

Back 34

Cheese

Meat

Dairy

Vegetable

Chocolate

Coffee

Soy sauce

Front 35

Some microbes produce extracellular enzymes calledlipases that break fats down into their fatty acid andglycerol components

The Krebs cycle oxidizes the glycerol and fatty acids

Many bacteria that break down fatty acids can alsodegrade petroleum products

Back 35

lipid catabolism

Front 36

_____are too large to passunaided through plasmamembranes

Microbes produceextracellular proteases andpeptidases that break themdown into their amino acidcomponents so they canenter the cell

Amino acids must be furtherconverted by processes suchas deamination, decarboxylation, ordesulfurization before theycan enter the Krebs cycle

Back 36

protein catabolism

Front 37

used to identify bacteria

Back 37

biochemical tests