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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Describe what metabolism is. |
× Collection of ALL biochemical reactions that take place within cells of an organism |
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What are the two classes of chemical reactions in metabolism. |
× ANABOLISM: |
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What are the processes of metabolism? |
× Nutrient uptake |
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What are Enzymes. |
× Protiens that catalyze (accelerate) chemical reactions |
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How do enzymes work? |
× They catalyze the reaction by lowering activation energy |
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Name the parts of the enzyme structure. |
× Apoenzyme (protien) |
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What is an active site of an Enzyme? |
× Tertiary and quaternary structure provide the active site- the site where the substrate binds (groove) |
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Describe enzyme-substrate interaction. |
× Substrate and enzyme make a temporary union |
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What are the roles of coenzymes. |
× Removes of donates atoms from or to a substrate |
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What do vitamin deficiencies prevent? |
it prevents the honoenzyme from being formed. |
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Describe the mechanism of enzymatic action. |
× Enzyme attaches to the substrate at the active site |
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What are the 6 types of enzymes based on mode of action. |
× Hydrolases- breaking of bonds with addition of water |
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Explain synthesis reaction in metabolism. |
× Synthesis |
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Explain hydrolysis (digestion) reaction in metabolism. |
× Hydrolysis |
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Describe oxidation-reduction reactions |
× Oxidation- removal of electrons (+energy) |
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Describe enzymes sensitivity to their environment. |
× Environmental factors affect the activity of the enzymes |
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Why is denaturation bad for enzymes? |
It changes the shape of the enzyme molecule, so it prevents substrate from attaching. |
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Describe Ribozymes in metabolism. |
× Some RNA molecules called ribozymes can act as a catalyst |
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What are the two types of enzyme control? |
- Constitutive- present in constant amounts |
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In enzyme regulated control, what are the two ways of regulated control. |
× Direct control: |
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Describe competitive inhibition. |
× Substances with similar structure as the real substrate bind to the enzyme's active site, preventing substrate to bind. |
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Describe noncompetitive inhibition. |
× Interact with another part of the enzyme- allosteric site |
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What are the two controls of enzyme synthesis. |
x Repression |
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What are the two types of energy transactions? |
- Exergonic- release of energy |
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What is catabolism? |
getting materials and energy |
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What are the 3 stages of respiration of glucose? |
× Glycolysis |
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Where does gyclolysis occur? |
×Occurs in cytoplasm of most cells |
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Describe the proces of glyclolysis. |
× Involves splitting of a six-carbon glucose |
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What is substrate level of Phosphorilation? |
× High energy P directly transferred from a substrate to ADP |
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Describe the krebs cycle (tricaboxylic acid cycle). |
× A series of biochemical reaction in which chemical energy is released stop by step |
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Describe the electron chain transport. |
× Sequence of carrier molecules that can be oxidized and reduced |
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What is the net yield of ATP of glycloloysis, krebs cycle and electron chain transport. |
Glyclolysis= 2 ATP |
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What is chemoiosmosis? |
As the electron transport carriers shuttle electrons, they actively pump hydrogen ions (protons) into the outer compartment of the mitochondrion. |
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What is anaerobic respiration? |
Fermentation |
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Describe fermentation. |
× Further oxidation of Pyruvic acid (obtained in glycolysis) without the presence of 02 |
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What is photosynthesis? |
× light energy --> ATP, NADPH = Synthesis of organic molecules |
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Describe photosynthesis. |
× Conversion of light energy into chemical energy |
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WHat are the two stages of photosynthesis. |
× 1. Light dependent stage (reactions) |
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What is osygenic and anoxygenic? |
× Osygenic- plants, algae, cyaenobacteria |