Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Catabolism |
- Breaks down complex molecules; provides energy and building blocks for anabolism - Exergonic Ex: Glucose to CO2 and H2O |
|
|
Anabolism |
- Uses energy and building blocks to build complex molecules - Endergonic Ex: Amino acids to Proteins |
|
|
Enzymes |
- Act as biological catalysts |
|
|
Active Site |
- Area where the enzymes associates directly with the substrate |
|
|
Induced Fit |
- Moment of conformational change when substrates binding to the active site causes the enzyme-substrate complex to undergo a slight change in shape to accomodate the substrate |
|
|
Energy of Activation |
- Energy and/or biological catalysts allow reacts that normally don't place to activate by lowering its ___________________________________. |
|
|
Cofactors |
- Nonprotein (non-organic) activator - Almost always vitamins |
|
|
Coenzymes |
- Protein, Organic activators for enzymes |
|
|
Temperature pH Substrate Concentration Inhibitors |
4 Things that Influence Enzyme Activity |
|
|
Chemotherapy Antibiotics |
2 Medical Examples of Inhibitors |
|
|
Oxidation Reduction |
- Removal of electrons - Gain of electrons |
|
|
Redox Reaction |
- Oxidation reaction paired with a reduction reaction |
|
|
Chemiosmosis |
- Electrons (from NADH) pass down the electron transport chain while protons H+ are pumped across the membrane - Established proton H+ gradient (for motive force) so they can diffuse through ATP synthase and release energy to synthesize ATP |
|
|
Plasma Membrane Mitochondria Outer membrane |
Where is the electron transport chain in bacteria? In eukarya? |
|
|
Fermentation |
- Releases energy from the oxidation of organic molecules - Does not require O2, or use Krebs Cycle or ETC - Uses organic molecule as final electron acceptor instead of O2 - Produces small amounts of ATP - Depending on what they produce, helps identify bacteria |
|
|
Lactic Acid Fermentation - Lactic Acid Alcohol Fermentation - Ethanol + CO2 |
Name 2 Types of Fermentation and what they produce |
|
|
Acetic Acid Bacteria |
- Bacteria that require oxygen to oxidise alcohol to its end product Ex: Clostridium, enterobacter, escherichia, Salmonella |
|
|
Fermentation Test |
- Bacteria that catabolize carbohydrate or protein produce acid, causing the pH indicator to change color - If gas is present, bubble will appear in the inverted tube What does this describe? |
|
|
Biochemical Test |
- How to identify bacteria by detecting enzymes (e.g., those involved in decarboxylation and dehydrogenation) - Such as the amino acid catabolizing enzyme |
|
|
Peptone iron agar turns Black In the presence of H2S |
Example of Biochemical Test |
|
|
Carbon Source Mechanisms of Carbohydrate catabolism ATP generation |
3 Ways to sort Metabolic Diversity among Organisms |
|
|
Photoautotrophs - Oxygenic: Produces O2 - Anoxygenic: Does not produce O2 |
- Organisms that use energy in the Calvin-Benson cycle to fix atmospheric CO2 to sugar - Similar to plants - Give 2 classifications |
|
|
Photoheterotrophs |
- Organisms that uses energy from light and organic compounds as sources of carbon - Anoxygenic |
|
|
Chemoautotrophs |
- Organisms that use energy from inorganic chemicals - CO2 is its carbon source - Energy is used in the Calvin-Benson cycle to fix CO2 |
|
|
Chemoheterotrophs |
- Organisms that use energy and carbon from organic chemicals - Medically and economically important - Ex: Humans |
|
|
Photoautotrophs Photoheterotrophs Chemoautotroph Chemoheterotroph |
- What nutritional types uses light as its energy source? - What nutritional type uses inorganic chemicals as its energy source? - What nutritional type uses chemicals as its energy source? |
|
|
Photoautotroph Chemoautotroph Photoheterotroph Chemoheterotroph |
- Nutritional types that use CO2 as its carbon source - Nutritional types that use organic compounds as its carbon source |
|
|
- Phototroph - Carbon Source: CO2 - Uses H2O to reduce CO2 |
Explain the nutritional classification of oxygenic photosynthetic organisms (Chemo/Phototroph?, Carbon Source? Does it reduce CO2 with water?) |
|
|
- Phototroph
- Carbon Source: CO2 - Does not use H2O to reduce CO2 |
Explain the nutritional classification of anoxygenic photosynthetic organisms (Chemo/Phototroph?, Carbon Source? Does it reduce CO2 with water?) |
|
|
Phototroph Carbon Source: Organic Compounds Photoheterotroph |
Explain nutritional classification of green and purple nonsulfur bacteria (Energy Source? Carbon Source?) |
|
|
Chemotroph Carbon Source: CO2 Chemoautotroph |
Explain nutritional classification of hydrogen-, sulfur-, iron-, nitrogen-, and carbon monoxide- oxidizing bacteria (Energy Source? Carbon Source?) |
|
|
Chemotroph Carbon Source: CO2 Final Electron Acceptor: Inorganic Electron Transport Chain |
Explain nutritional classification of Clostridium. Energy Source? Carbon Source? Final Electron Acceptor? If not O2 than organic or inorganic compound? How does it metabolize? |
|
|
Chemotroph Carbon Source: CO2 Final Electron Acceptor: Organic Fermentation |
Explain nutritional classification of Streptococcus. Energy Source? Carbon Source? Final Electron Acceptor? If not O2 than organic or inorganic compound? How does it metabolize? |
|
|
Chemotroph Carbon Source: Organic Compound Final electron Acceptor: O2 |
Explain nutritional classification of animals, most fungi, protozoa, bacteria. Energy Source? Carbon Source? Final Electron Acceptor? If not O2 than organic or inorganic compound? How does it metabolize? |
