Chapter 18: Social Psychology

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Social Psychology

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scientific study of how we think about, influence and relate to one another

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attribution theroy

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suggests how we explain someone's behaviors-- by either crediting the situation or the person's disposition

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fundimental attribution theory

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tendency for others, in analyzing another's behavior to under estimate the impact of the situation and over estimate the impact of personal disposition

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attitudes

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feelings, often based on beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people and events

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foot in the door phenomena

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tendency for people who have agreed with a small request to later comply with a large one

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cognative dissonance theory

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theory that we act to reduce the social discomfort (dissionance) we feel when 2 of our thoughts (covnitions) are inconsistent.

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conformity

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adjusting one's behaviors or thinking to coincide with a group standard

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Solomon Asch

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conformity study--> line game: which one is longest?

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normative social influence

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influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

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informational social influence

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influence resulting from one's willngness to accept others' opiinions about reality

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Stanley MIlgram

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obedeance-> "teacher & learning"

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social faciliation

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stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presense of others

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social loafing

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the tendency of people in a group to exert less NRG when pooling their NRG toward attaining a common goal tan when they're indiv. accountable

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deindividualism

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loss of self awareness and self restraint occuring in ggroup situations that foster arousal and anonymity

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group polarization

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the enhancement of group's prevailing inclinations through discussion w/in a group

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groupthink

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mode of thinking that occurs when a desire for harmony ina decision making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives (ex. Cuban invasion and Challenger Space Shuttle)

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prejudice

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an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and itsmembers. prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings and a predisposition to discrimination

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stereotypes

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generalized (sometimes accurate but often over generalized) belief about a group of people

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discrimination

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unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members

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ingroup

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"us"- people with hwom one shares a common identity

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out group

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"them"- those percieved apart and different from one's ingroup

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ingroup bias

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tendency to favor one's own ingroup

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scapegoate theory

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the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

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just-world phenomonon

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tendency for people to believe the world is just and people therefore get what the deserve and deserve wht they get

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aggression

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any physical/verbal behavior intended to hurt/ destroy

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frustration-aggression principle

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principle that frustration (blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal) creates anger which can generate aggression

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conflict

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percieved incompatibility of actions/goals/ideas

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social trap

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a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationaly pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior

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mere exposure effect

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phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli, increases liking of it

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passionate love

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an aroused state of intense (+) absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship

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compassionate love-

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a deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined

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equity

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a condition in which people recieve from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it

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self-disclosure

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revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others

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altruism

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unselfish regard for the welfare of others

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Latané and Darley

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bystander effect--> fake seizure; people only help in situation that enables us to notic ehte incident then to interpret it as an emergency and finally to assume responsibility to help

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bystander effect

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tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to gave aid if other bystanders are present

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social-exchange theory

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the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs

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reciprocity norm

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an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them

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social- responsibility norm

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an expectation that people will help those dependent on them

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superordinate goals

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shared goals that override differences among people and require cooperation

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GRIT

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graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension-reduction: a stragety designed to decrease international tensions

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Sherif

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superordinate goals and mere exposure effect--> boy scout camp with 2 sections who had to come together to fix water supply

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Zimbardo

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role playing & situation authority--> Stanford Prision Simulation; attitudes, behaviors and Abu Ghraib

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chameleon effect

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mimicing someone elses actions help us feel what they are feeling

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mood linkage

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sharing up and down moods

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minority influence

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power of one or two individuals to sway majorities

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aggression-replacement program

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replace aggressive commands with less hostile commands (directed especially towards parents)

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rape myth

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some women like being raped thus invite and enjoy it

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catharsis hypothesis

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idea that we feel better if we "blow off steam" by venting our emotions

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mirror-image perceptions

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the distorted images of the enemy aresimiliat

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proximity

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geographic nearness (breeds closeness)

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physical attravtiveness

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how pretty people are (people like pretty people)

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utilitarianism

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cost-benefit analysis