Ch 06 - Bones And Skeletal Tissues

Front 1

skeletal cartilage

Back 1

cartilage molded to fit its body location and function; no nerves or blood vessels, fibers form a structural mesh

Front 2

perichondrium

Back 2

a layer of dense irregular connective tissue surrounding skeletal cartilage, resists outward expansion and contains blood vessels

Front 3

1. hyaline

2. elastic

3. fibrocartilage

Back 3

3 types of skeletal cartilages

Front 4

hyaline cartilage

Back 4

cartilage with a glasslike extracellular matrix, provides support with flexibility and resilience; contains collagen fibers

Front 5

- the ends of movable joints

- connecting ribs to sternum

- larynx and respiratory passageways

- external nose

- embryonic skeleton

Back 5

locations of hyaline cartilage

Front 6

elastic cartilage

Back 6

cartilage with stretchy elastic fibers that allows for bending; contains collagen fibers and visible elastic fibers

Front 7

- outer ear

- epiglottis

Back 7

locations of elastic cartilage

Front 8

fibrocartilage

Back 8

highly compressible cartilage with great tensile strength; contains thick and visible collagen fibers

Front 9

- intervertebral discs

- menisci (knees, jaw)

Back 9

locations of fibrocartilage

Front 10

1. appositional growth

2. interstitial growth

Back 10

2 forms of cartilage growth

Front 11

appositional growth

Back 11

form of cartilage growth in which chondrocytes of the perichondrium secrete new matrix against the external face of the existing cartilage tissue

Front 12

interstitial growth

Back 12

form of cartilage growth in which the chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding the cartilage from within

Front 13

206

Back 13

# of bones in the human body

Front 14

1. axial

2. appendicular

Back 14

2 main groups of the skeleton

Front 15

axial skeleton

Back 15

group of bones forming the long axis of the body (skull, spine, rib cage); protect, support, or carry other body parts

Front 16

appendicular skeleton

Back 16

group of bones forming the upper and lower limbs and the girdles (shoulder bones, hip bones); movement and manipulation

Front 17

1. long

2. short

3. flat

4. irregular

Back 17

4 types of bones

Front 18

long bones

Back 18

bones that are considerably longer than they are wide, with a shaft and two expanded ends; includes bones of the limbs

Front 19

short bones

Back 19

bones that are roughly cube shaped; includes the wrist and ankle bones

Front 20

sesamoid bones

Back 20

special class of short bones that are formed in a tendon; ex. patella (kneecap)

Front 21

flat bones

Back 21

bones that are thin, flattened, and usually a bit curved; includes the sternum, scapulae, ribs, and skull bones

Front 22

irregular bones

Back 22

bones that have complicated shapes that fit none of the other classes; includes the vertebrae and the hip bones

Front 23

1. support

2. protection

3. movement

4. hematopoiesis

5. hormone production

6. mineral and growth factor storage

7. fat storage

Back 23

7 important functions of bone

Front 24

hematopoiesis

Back 24

blood cell formation

Front 25

1. calcium

2. phosphate

Back 25

2 important minerals stored in bone matrix

Front 26

compact bone

Back 26

smooth and dense external layer of a bone

Front 27

spongy bone

Back 27

trabeculae-lined internal layer of a bone

Front 28

trabeculae

Back 28

small needle-like or flat pieces that form the honeycomb shape in spongy bone; open spaces filled with bone marrow

Front 29

diploë

Back 29

the sandwich-like spongy bone of short, flat, and irregular bones

Front 30

diaphysis

Back 30

the long, tube-shaped shaft of a long bone; compact bone surrounding a central medullary cavity

Front 31

medullary cavity

Back 31

central cavity of the diaphysis containing fat (yellow marrow); called the yellow marrow cavity in adults

Front 32

epiphyses

Back 32

the broad ends of long bones

Front 33

articular cartilage

Back 33

covers the ends of the epiphyses, cushions the opposing ends of bones during movement and absorbs stress

Front 34

epiphyseal line

Back 34

remnant of the epiphyseal plate

Front 35

epiphyseal plate

Back 35

a hyaline cartilage disc separating the diaphysis and each epiphysis that grows during childhood and lengthens the bone

Front 36

1. periosteum

2. endosteum

Back 36

2 membranes covering a bone

Front 37

periosteum

Back 37

a glistening white, double-layered membrane covering the external surface of a bone; provides nutrition to the bone

Front 38

1. fibrous layer

2. osteogenic layer

Back 38

2 layers of the periosteum

Front 39

fibrous layer

Back 39

outer layer of the periosteum; dense irregular connective tissue

Front 40

osteogenic layer

Back 40

inner layer of the periosteum; contains osteogenic cells

Front 41

nutrient foramina

Back 41

openings in the periosteum that allow nerve fibers and blood vessels to pass through the bone shaft to the marrow cavity

Front 42

Sharpey's fibers (perforating fibers)

Back 42

collagen fibers that secure the periosteum to the underlying bone matrix

Front 43

endosteum

Back 43

a delicate connective tissue membrane covering the internal surface of bones

Front 44

red marrow

Back 44

hematopoietic tissue found within the trabecular cavities of spongy bone (long bones) and in the diploe (flat bones)

Front 45

red marrow cavities

Back 45

cavities that house hematopoietic tissue

Front 46

1. trabecular cavities (long bones)

2. diploë

Back 46

2 types of red marrow cavities

Front 47

bone markings

Back 47

projections, depressions, and openings on bone surfaces that serve as sites of muscle, ligament, and tendon attachment, as joint surfaces, or as conduits for blood vessels and nerves

Front 48

1. attachment (muscles, ligaments, tendons)

2. joint surfaces

3. passage (blood vessels, nerves)

Back 48

3 functions of bone markings

Front 49

1. osteogenic cells

2. osteoblasts

3. osteocytes

4. bone lining cells

5. osteoclasts

Back 49

5 major cell types in bone

Front 50

osteogenic cells (osteoprogenitor cells)

Back 50

active stem cells found in the membranous periosteum and endosteum; become osteoblasts or bone lining cells

Front 51

osteoblasts

Back 51

bone-forming cells that secrete the bone matrix

Front 52

osteocytes

Back 52

mature bone cells that monitor and maintain the bone matrix; spidery cells that occupy spaces (lacunae) that conform to their shape

Front 53

bone lining cells

Back 53

flat cells that help maintain the bone matrix in areas where no remodeling occurs

Front 54

1. periosteal cells

2. endosteal cells

Back 54

2 types of bone lining cells

Front 55

osteoclasts

Back 55

giant multinucleate cells with ruffled borders that break down bone with lysosomal enzymes

Front 56

osteon (Haversian system)

Back 56

the cylinder-shaped structural unit of compact bone; tiny weight-bearing pillars

Front 57

lamella

Back 57

concentric rings of bone matrix making up an osteon (Haversian system)

Front 58

central canal (Haversian canal)

Back 58

canal containing blood vessels and nerve fibers running through the core of each osteon

Front 59

perforating canal (Volkmann's canals)

Back 59

canals connecting the blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to the central canals and medullary cavity

Front 60

lacunae

Back 60

hollow spaces housing the spider-shaped osteocytes at the junctions of the lamellae

Front 61

canaliculi

Back 61

hairlike canals connecting the lacunae to each other and to the central canal

Front 62

interstitial lamellae

Back 62

incomplete lamellae lying between intact osteons; fill gaps or are remnants of old osteons

Front 63

circumferential lamellae

Back 63

lamellae covering the entire circumference of the diaphysis; resist twisting of the long bone

Front 64

1. bone cells

2. osteoid

Back 64

2 organic components of bone (33%)

Front 65

osteoid

Back 65

organic part of bone matrix including ground substance and collagen fibers

Front 66

sacrificial bonds

Back 66

stretchy and breakable bonds between collagen molecules that can be reformed

Front 67

mineral salts (hydroxyapatites)

Back 67

inorganic component of bone (65%); tiny, tightly packed crystals surrounding collagen fibers in the bone matrix; account for a bone's hardness; ex. calcium phosphate

Front 68

ossification (osteogenesis)

Back 68

the process of bone formation

Front 69

1. endochondral ossification

2. intramembranous ossification

Back 69

2 types of bone formation in a human embryo

Front 70

endochondral ossification

Back 70

bone developed by replacing hyaline cartilage; "cartilage bones", includes all bones below the base of the skull (except the clavicles)

Front 71

Stage 1 of 5

Back 71

Endochondral Ossification: a bone collar forms around the diaphysis of the hyaline cartilage model

Front 72

Stage 2 of 5

Back 72

Endochondral Ossification: cartilage in the center of the diaphysis calcifies and cavities develop; chondrocytes die

Front 73

Stage 3 of 5

Back 73

Endochondral Ossification: the periosteal bud invades the internal cavities and spongy bone forms

Front 74

Stage 4 of 5

Back 74

Endochondral Ossification: the diaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity forms, osteoclasts break down spongy bone

Front 75

Stage 5 of 5

Back 75

Endochondral Ossification: the epiphyses ossify

Front 76

primary ossification center

Back 76

the center of a hyaline cartilage shaft where long bone formation typically begins

Front 77

periosteal bud

Back 77

collection of elements that invade a newly forming bone (nutrient artery and vein, nerve fibers, red marrow elements, osteogenic cells, and osteoclasts)

Front 78

secondary ossification center

Back 78

the centers where bone is created from cartilage in one or both epiphyses

Front 79

intramembranous ossification

Back 79

a bone develops from a fibrous membrane; membrane bone, includes the cranial bones and the clavicles

Front 80

mesenchymal cells

Back 80

cells responsible for bone development in intramembranous ossification

Front 81

Stage 1 of 4

Back 81

Intramembranous Ossification: ossification centers appear in the fibrous connective tissue membrane; mesenchymal cells become osteoblasts

Front 82

Stage 2 of 4

Back 82

Intramembranous Ossification: osteoblasts secrete osteoid within the fibrous membrane that calcifies

Front 83

Stage 3 of 4

Back 83

Intramembranous Ossification: woven bone and periosteum forms

Front 84

Stage 4 of 4

Back 84

Intramembranous Ossification: lamellar bone replaces woven bone, red marrow appears

Front 85

1. proliferation zone

2. hypertrophic zone

3. calcification zone

4. ossification zone

Back 85

4 zones of bone growth

Front 86

proliferation zone

Back 86

Bone growth: area where cartilage cells undergo mitosis

Front 87

hypertrophic zone

Back 87

Bone growth: area where older cartilage cells enlarge

Front 88

calcification zone

Back 88

Bone growth: area where matrix calcifies, cartilage cells die, blood vessels invade cavity

Front 89

ossification zone

Back 89

Bone growth: area where new bone forms

Front 90

epiphyseal plate closure

Back 90

longitudinal bone growth ends when the epiphysis and diaphysis bones fuse

Front 91

growth hormone

Back 91

hormone that stimulates epiphyseal plate activity; released by the anterior pituitary gland

Front 92

thyroid hormone

Back 92

hormone that regulates growth hormone so that the skeleton grows proportionally

Front 93

sex hormones

Back 93

hormones promoting growth spurts in adolescensce; masculinization or feminization; induce epiphyseal closure

Front 94

bone remodeling

Back 94

process of deposit and resorption of bone in the periosteum and endosteum

Front 95

1. bone deposit

2. bone resorption

Back 95

2 stages of bone remodeling

Front 96

1. osteoblasts (deposition)

2. osteoclasts (resorption)

Back 96

"remodeling units" that coordinate bone deposition and resorption

Front 97

1. hormonal controls

2. response to mechanical stress

Back 97

2 factors influencing bone remodeling

Front 98

1. nerve impulses

2. muscle contraction

3. blood coagulation

4. secretion

Back 98

4 reasons calcium is necessary

Front 99

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Back 99

hormone that stimulates osteoclasts to resorb bone, releasing calcium into the blood

Front 100

calcitonin

Back 100

hormone that temporarily lowers calcium levels

Front 101

hypercalcemia

Back 101

condition resulting in undesirable calcium salt deposits in the blood vessels and kidneys

Front 102

leptin

Back 102

hormone released by adipose tissue that inhibits osteoblasts

Front 103

Wolff's Law

Back 103

law stating that a bone grows or remodels in response to the demands placed on it

Front 104

hormonal controls

Back 104

determine whether and when bone remodeling occurs, in response to changing blood calcium levels

Front 105

mechanical stress

Back 105

determines where remodeling occurs

Front 106

fracture

Back 106

term for broken bones

Front 107

nondisplaced fractures

Back 107

broken bone ends retain their normal position

Front 108

displaced fractures

Back 108

broken bone ends are out of normal alignment

Front 109

complete fracture

Back 109

bone is broken all the way through

Front 110

incomplete fracture

Back 110

bone is not broken all the way through

Front 111

open (compound) fracture

Back 111

broken bone penetrates the skin

Front 112

closed (simple) fracture

Back 112

broken bone does not penetrate the skin

Front 113

comminuted fracture

Back 113

bone fragments into three or more pieces; common in the elderly

Front 114

compression fracture

Back 114

bone is crushed; common in porous bones

Front 115

spiral fracture

Back 115

ragged break occuring when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone; common in sports

Front 116

epiphyseal fracture

Back 116

epiphysis separates from the diaphysis along the epiphyseal plate; common when chondrocytes are dying and calcification of the matrix is occurring

Front 117

depressed fracture

Back 117

broken bone portion is pressed inward; common in skull fracture

Front 118

greenstick fracture

Back 118

bone breaks incompletely (only one side breaks); common in children

Front 119

closed (external) reduction

Back 119

the physician's hands coax the broken bone ends into position

Front 120

open (internal) reduction

Back 120

the broken bone ends are secured together surgically with pins or wires

Front 121

Stage 1 of 4

Back 121

Bone repair: a hematoma forms

Front 122

Stage 2 of 4

Back 122

Bone repair: fibrocartilaginous callus forms

Front 123

Stage 3 of 4

Back 123

Bone repair: bony callus forms

Front 124

Stage 4 of 4

Back 124

Bone repair: bone remodeling occurs

Front 125

hematoma

Back 125

mass of clotted blood

Front 126

fibrocartilaginous callus

Back 126

mass of repair tissue in a broken bone

Front 127

bony (hard) callus

Back 127

spongy bone that replaces the fibrocartilaginous callus in a broken bone

Front 128

osteomalacia

Back 128

includes a number of disorders in which bones are poorly mineralized, becoming soft and weak; caused by insufficient calcium or vitamin D

Front 129

rickets

Back 129

osteomalacia in children; much more severe

Front 130

osteoporosis

Back 130

a group of diseases in which bone resorption outpaces bone deposit; bones become fragile and porous

Front 131

Paget's disease

Back 131

disease characterized by haphazard bone deposit and resorption; too much spongy bone, not enough compact bone