Biology I Vocabulary From Biology 8Th Edition

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Define Actin

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A globular protein that links into chains., two of which twist helically about each other, forming microfilaments in muscle and other kinds of cells.

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Define Active Transport

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The movement of a substance across a cell membrane, with an expenditure of energy, against its concentration or electrochemical gradient; mediated by specific transport proteins.

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anionic species

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contains a full negative charge. These types of compounds range in reactivity.

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antiport

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integral membrane protein, involved in secondary active transport of two or more diffferent molecules or ions (solutes) across a phospholipid membrane such as the plasma membrane in opposite directions.movement is in contrast to primary active transport, in which all solutes are moved against their concentration gradients, fueled by ATP.Transport may involve one or more of each type of solute. For example, the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, used by many cells to remove cytoplasmic calcium, exchanges one calcium ion for three sodium ions

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archaea

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One of two prokaryotic domains, the other being bacteria

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bacteria

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One of the two prokaryotic domains, the other being archaea.

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bilayer

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double layer of closely packed atoms or molecules

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cAMP

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Cyclic adenosine monophosphate; is a second messenger important in many biological processes. cAMP is derived from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and used for intracellular signal transduction in many different organisms, conveying the cAMP-dependent pathway.

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cationic

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contains a full positive charge.

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cell

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the basic unit of all living organisms

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cell wall

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Protective layer external to the plasma membrane in the cells of plants, prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists. Polysaccharides such as cellulose , chitin and peptidoglycan are an important structural component of cell walls.

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cellulose

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a structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by beta glycosidic linkages.

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central vacuole

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a membranous sac in a mature plant cell with diverse roles in reproduction, growth and development.

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centriole

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a structure in the centrosome of an animal cell composed of a cylinder of microtubule triplets arranged in a 9+0 pattern. A centrosome has a pair of centrioles.

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chloroplast

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an organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water.

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cilia (plural) cilium (singlulart)

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a short cellular appendage containing microtubules. A motile cilium is specialized for locomotion and is formed from a core of nine outer doublet microtubules and two inner single microtubules (the 9+2 arrangement) ensheathed in a extension of the plasma membrane. A primary cilium is usually nonmotile and plays a sensory and signaling role. it lacks the two inner microtubules (the 9+0 arrangement)

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contractile vacuole

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A membraneous sac that helps move excess water out of certain freshwater protists.

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cisternae (plural)
cisterna (singular)

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comprises a flattened membrane disk that makes up the Golgi apparatus

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cleavage furrow

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The first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; A shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate.

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cristae (plural)
crista (singular)

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an infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses electron transport chains and molecules of the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP.