Biology - Chapter 5 And 6

Front 1

Biochemical reactions that enable plants to harness sunlight energy to manufacture organic molecules.

Back 1

Photosynthesis

Front 2

Long term changes in Earth's weather patterns.

Back 2

Global Climate Change

Front 3

Organism that obtains carbon by eating another organism; consumer.

Back 3

Heterotroph

Front 4

Organism that produces organic molecules by acquiring carbon from inorganic sources; primary producer.

Back 4

Autotroph

Front 5

Range of naturally occurring radiation.

Back 5

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Front 6

A packet of light or other electromagnetic radiation.

Back 6

Photon

Front 7

The distance a photon moves during a complete vibration.

Back 7

Wavelength

Front 8

Organelle housing the reactions of photosynthesis in eukaryotes.

Back 8

Chloroplast

Front 9

The fluid inner region of the chloroplast.

Back 9

Stroma

Front 10

A stack of flattened thylakoid discs in a chloroplast.

Back 10

Granum

Front 11

Disclike structure that makes up the inner membrane of a chloroplast.

Back 11

Thylakoid

Front 12

The inner compartment of the thylakoid.

Back 12

Thylakoid Space

Front 13

Green pigment that plants, algae, and cyanobacteria use to harness the energy in sunlight.

Back 13

Chlorophyll

Front 14

Photosynthetic pigment other than chlorophyll a that extends the range of light wavelengths useful in photosynthesis.

Back 14

Accessory Pigments

Front 15

Photosynthetic reactions that harvest light energy and store it in molecules of ATP or NADPH.

Back 15

Light Reactions

Front 16

A co-enzyme that carries energized electrons.

Back 16

NADPH

Front 17

The reactions of photosynthesis that use ATP and NADPH to synthesize glucose from carbon dioxide.

Back 17

Carbon Reactions

Front 18

Cluster of pigment molecules and proteins in a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane.

Back 18

Photosystem

Front 19

A molecule of chlorophyll a (and associated proteins) that participates in the light reactions of photosynthesis.

Back 19

Reaction Center

Front 20

Photosynthetic pigment that passes photon energy to the reaction center of a photosystem.

Back 20

Antenna Pigments

Front 21

Membrane-bound molecular complex that shuttles electrons to slowly extract their energy.

Back 21

Electron Transport Chain

Front 22

Movement of a solute across a membrane against its concentration gradient, using a carrier protein and energy from ATP.

Back 22

Active Transport

Front 23

Reactions that produce ATP using ATP synthase and the potential energy of a proton gradient.

Back 23

Chemiosmotic Phosphorylation

Front 24

Pore in a plant's epidermis through which gases are exchanged between the plant and the atmosphere.

Back 24

Stomata

Front 25

In photosynthesis, the metabolic pathway in which CO2 is fixed and incorporated into glucose.

Back 25

Calvin Cycle

Front 26

The initial incorporation of carbon from CO2 into an organic compound.

Back 26

Carbon Fixation

Front 27

The 5-carbon intermediate of the carbon reactions of photosynthesis.

Back 27

Ribulose Bisphosphate (RuBP)

Front 28

Enzyme that adds CO2 to ribulose bisphosphate in the carbon reactions of photosynthesis.

Back 28

Rubisco

Front 29

Another name given to the calvin cycle because the three-carbon molecule, PGA, is the first stable compound in the pathway.

Back 29

C3 Pathway

Front 30

A metabolic pathway in which rubisco reacts with O2 instead of CO2, counteracting photosynthesis.

Back 30

Photorespiration

Front 31

In photosynthesis, a carbon fixation pathway in which CO2 combines with a three-carbon molecule to form a four-carbon compound.

Back 31

C4 Pathway

Front 32

Thick-walled plant cell surrounding veins; site of calvin cycle in C4 plants.

Back 32

Bundle-sheath Cells

Front 33

Plant that reduces photorespiration by fixing carbon at night for use in the Calvin cycle during the day.

Back 33

CAM Plant

Front 34

Where does the energy come from to drive photosynthesis?
a. a chloroplast
b. ATP
c. the sun
d. glucose

Back 34

a. A Chloroplast

Front 35

Photosynthesis is an example of an ___ chemical reaction because...
a. exergonic; energy is released by the reaction center pigment
b. endergonic; light energy is used to build chemical bonds
c. exergonic; light energy is captured by pigment molecules
d. endergonic; the reaction occurs inside the cell

Back 35

b. Endergonic; light energy is used to build chemical bonds

Front 36

The evolution of photosynthesis resulted in...
a. an increase in the amount of O2 in the atmosphere
b. the initial appearance of heterotrophs
c. global warming
d. an increase in the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere

Back 36

a. an increase in the amount of O2 in the atmosphere

Front 37

A plant appears green because...
a. it contains chloroplasts
b. chlorophyll a absorbs red and blue light
c. chlorophyll a absorbs ultraviolet light
d. both a and c

Back 37

b. Chlorophyll a absorbs red and blue light

Front 38

Only high-energy light can penetrate the ocean and reach photosynthetic organisms in coral reefs. What color light would you predict these organisms use?
a. red
b. yellow
c. blue
d. orange

Back 38

c. Blue

Front 39

Which part of the chloroplast is associated with the production of glucose?
a. the thylakoid
b. the grana
c. the thylakoid space
d. the stroma

Back 39

d. The Stroma

Front 40

The ATP that is produced as a result of the light reactions is used by the cell to...
a. reproduce and grow
b. build a glucose molecule
c. move electrons through the electron transport chain
d. split water into h^+ and O2

Back 40

b. Build a glucose molecule

Front 41

Can carbon fixation occur at night?
a. Yes, because CO2 can always enter a leaf.
b. No, because a plant cell is not active at night.
c. Yes, if there is a source of ATP and NADPH.
d. No, photorespiration occurs at night.

Back 41

c. Yes, if there is a source of ATP and NADPH

Front 42

What happens to the enzyme rubisco during photorespiration?
a. the enzyme speeds up the formation of glucose
b. the enzyme's active site can't distinguish between O2 and CO2
c. it becomes denatured
d. the enzyme catalyzes the breakdown of glucose

Back 42

b. The enzyme's active site can't distinguish between O2 and CO2

Front 43

A plant that only opens its stoma at night to allow diffusion of CO2 is a
a. C2 plant
b. C3 plant
c. C4 plant
d. CAM plant

Back 43

d. CAM plant

Front 44

Explain whether each of the following is involved in the light reactions, the carbon reactions or both:
a. O2 b. CO2 c. Carbohydrate d. Photons e. Chlorophyll a f. NADPH g. ATP h. H2O

Back 44

a. O2 - Carbon Reactions
b. CO2 - Carbon Reactions
c. Carbohydrate - Carbon Reactions
d. Photons - Light Reactions
e. Chlorophyll a - Light Reactions
f. NADPH - Both
g. ATP - Both
h. H2O - Carbon Reactions

Front 45

Arrange the following terms from smallest to largest:
a. Thylakoid Membrane
b. Chloroplast
c. Reaction Center
d. Photosystem
e. Electron Transport System

Back 45

C, D, E, A, B

Front 46

How does photorespiration counter photosynthesis?

Back 46

The rubisco enzyme uses O2 as a substrate instead of CO2, starting a process that removes already-fixed carbon from the carbon reactions.

Front 47

How is CAM photosynthesis adaptive in a desert environment?

Back 47

It allows a plant to collect and store CO2 at night when there is higher humidity. The stomata closes when the sun comes up - but the plant already has enough CO2 from the previous night - thus saving water.

Front 48

Adenosine Triphosphate

Back 48

ATP

Front 49

Complete oxidation of glucose to CO2 in the presence of O2, producing ATP.

Back 49

Aerobic Respiration

Front 50

A metabolic pathway occurring in the cytoplasm of all cells; one molecule of glucose splits into two molecules of pyruvate.

Back 50

Glycolysis

Front 51

The product of glycolosis.

Back 51

Pyruvate

Front 52

Stage in cellular respiration that completely oxidizes the products of glycolosis.

Back 52

Krebs Cycle

Front 53

Membrane-bound molecular complex that shuttles electrons to slowly extract their energy.

Back 53

Electron Transport Chain

Front 54

Enzyme complex that admits protons through a membrane, where they trigger phosphorylation of ADP and ATP.

Back 54

ATP Synthase

Front 55

Organelle that houses the reactions of cellular respiration in eukaryotes.

Back 55

Mitochondrion

Front 56

The space between a mitochondrion's two membranes.

Back 56

Intermembrane Compartment

Front 57

The inner compartment of a mitochondrion.

Back 57

Matrix

Front 58

ATP formation from transferring a phosphate group from a high-energy donor molecule to ADP.

Back 58

Substrate-level Phosphorylation

Front 59

Molecule that enters the Krebs cycle in cellular respiration; product of partial oxidation of pyruvate.

Back 59

Acetyl CoA

Front 60

Reactions that produce ATP using ATP synthase and the potential energy of a proton gradient.

Back 60

Chemiosmotic Phosphorylation

Front 61

An organic molecule consisting of a central carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom, an amino group, a carboxyl group, and an R group.

Back 61

Amino Acid

Front 62

Hydrophobic organic molecule consisting mostly of carbon and hydrogen.

Back 62

Lipid

Front 63

Metabolic pathway in the cytoplasm in which NADH from glycolosis reduces pyruvate.

Back 63

Fermentation

Front 64

Metabolic pathway in which NADH from glycolosis reduces pyruvate, producing ethanol and CO2.

Back 64

Alcoholic Fermentation

Front 65

Metabolic pathway in which NADH from glycolosis reduces pyruvate, producing lactic acid.

Back 65

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Front 66

In photosynthesis, metabolic pathway in which CO2 is fixed and incorporated into glucose.

Back 66

Calvin Cycle