General Biology Ii - Chapter 37

Front 1

Embryo Development: Begins once the ____ cell is fertilized
The growing pollen tube enters _____ _____ _____ and releases two sperm cells. One sperm fertilizes _____ cell and initiates _____ development. Other sperm fertilizes the _____ to produce a _____. Cell division soon follows, creating the _____.

Back 1

egg. angiosperm embryo sac. central. endosperm. egg. zygote. embryo

Front 2

The first _____ division is _____, resulting in two_____ daughter cells. Small cell divides repeatedly forming a ball of cells, which will form the _____. Large cell divides repeatedly forming an elongated structure called a _____, which does what? The _____ axis also forms at this time

Back 2

zygote. asymmetrical. unequal. embryo. suspensor. Transports nutrients to embryo Root-shoot.

Front 3

Embryo Development: _____ cell division is also observed in the zygote of the brown alga Fucus. Unequal material distribution forms a bulge. Cell division occurs there, resulting in: ___ and ____. Fate of two cells is held “_____” by cell wall components

Back 3

Asymmetrical. A smaller cell that develops into a rhizoid that anchors the alga. A larger cell that develops into the thallus, or main algal body. in memory

Front 4

In plants, three-dimensional shape and form arise by regulating cell divisions. The _____ (root-shoot axis) becomes established at a very early stage. Cells soon begin_____ in different directions producing a ______. _____ establish the root-shoot axis in the globular stage

Back 4

vertical axis. dividing. solid ball of cells. Apical meristems

Front 5

Development of Body Plan: The _____ (inner-outer axis) is created when cells alternate between _____ cell divisions. This axis produces cells walls parallel to and ____ to the embryo’s surface. The 3 basic tissue systems arise at this stage are...

Back 5

radial axis. synchronous. perpendicular. Dermal, Ground and Vascular

Front 6

Formation of Tissue system: _____ meristems differentiate while the plant embryo is still at the_____ stage. No cell movements are involved. The _____ _____ develops into dermal tissue that ____ the plant

Back 6

Primary. globular. outer protoderm. protects. ground meristem. food and water. inner procambium

Front 7

morphogenesis: The heart-shaped globular stage gives rise to bulges called _____, are ___ in eudicots and ___ in monocots. These bulges are produced by _____ cells, and not by the ____ ____ l meristem. This process is called_____. Results from changes in planes and rates of cell division

Back 7

cotyledons. two. one. embryonic. shoot apical. morphogenesis

Front 8

morphogenesis: The form of a plant body is largely determined by the plane in which its cells divide. Based on the position of the cell plate and Determined by_____ orientation._____ also guide _____ deposition as the cell wall forms around the new cell. Cells expand in the directions of the two sides with the least _____ reinforcement

Back 8

microtubule. Microtubules. cellulose. cellulose

Front 9

Morphogenesis: Early in embryonic development, most cells can give rise to a wide range of cell and organ types, including leaves. As development proceeds, the cells with multiple potentials are restricted to the _____ regions. Many _____ have been established by the time _____ ends and the seed becomes_____.

Back 9

meristem. meristems. embryogenesis. dormant

Front 10

Morphogenesis: During embryogenesis, angiosperms undergo three other critical events:

Back 10

Storage of food in the cotyledons or endosperm. Differentiation of ovule tissue to form a seed coat. Development of carpel wall into a fruit

Front 11

In coconuts it is liquid. In corn it is solid In peas and beans it is used up during embryogenesis, which Nutrients are stored in thick, fleshy cotyledons. Which means...

Back 11

endosperm varies between plants

Front 12

Seeds: In many ____, development of the ____ is arrested soon after ____ and____ differentiate. The integuments develop into a relatively impermeable ____. This encloses the seed with its dormant embryo and stored food

Back 12

angiosperms. embryo. meristem and cotyledons. seed coat

Front 13

Seeds are an important adaptation because: (4)

Back 13

1. They maintain dormancy under unfavorable conditions 2. They protect the young plant when it is most vulnerable 3. They provide food for the embryo until it can produce its own food 4. They facilitate dispersal of the embryo

Front 14

Seeds: Once a seed coat forms, most of the embryo’s ____ activities _____.

Back 14

metabolic. cease.

Front 15

Seeds: Germination cannot take place until ____ and ____ reach the embryo. Seeds of some plants have been known to remain viable for thousands of years

Back 15

water and oxygen.

Front 16

Seeds: Specific adaptations ensure that seeds will germinate only _____. Some seeds lie within tough cones that do not open until exposed to _____.

Back 16

under appropriate conditions. Fire.

Front 17

Some seeds only _____ when sufficient water is available to leach inhibitory chemicals from the ____.

Back 17

germinate. seed coat.

Front 18

Still other seeds ____ only after they pass through the _____ of birds or mammals

Back 18

germinate. intestines

Front 19

Fruits are most simply defined as mature, ripened ____ (carpels). During seed formation, the flower ____ begins to develop into ____. It is possible, however, for fruits to develop without _____. e.g. Bananas are propagated asexually

Back 19

ovaries. ovary. fruit. seed development

Front 20

Fruit: The ovary wall is termed the ____. Has three layers: which are....Their fate determines the fruit type

Back 20

pericarp. exocarp, mesocarp and endocarp.

Front 21

Fruits can be:.... ____(single carpel), ____ (multiple carpels), or ____ (multiple flowers)

Back 21

Dry or fleshy. Simple (single carpel), Aggregate (multiple carpels), or Multiple (multiple flowers)

Front 22

Fruits: Developmentally, fruits are fascinating organs that contain 3 genotypes in one package:

Back 22

The fruit and seed coat are from the prior sporophyte generation. The developing seed contains remnants of the gametophyte generation. The embryo represents the next sporophyte generation

Front 23

Fruit Dispersal: (5) Occurs through a wide array of methods

Back 23

1). Ingestion and transportation by birds or other vertebrates. 2) Hitching a ride with hooked spines on birds and mammals 3). Burial in caches by herbivores 4). Blowing in the wind 5). Floating and drifting on water

Front 24

Germination: Germination is defined as the _____ of the____ (first root) from the seed coat

Back 24

emergence. radicle

Front 25

Germination begins when a seed absorbs ______ is available for metabolism. Often requires an additional environmental signal such as specific wavelength of ____ or appropriate_____ or _____ (period of low temperature exposure)

Back 25

water & oxygen. light. temperature. stratification

Front 26

Germination can occur over a wide temperature range (5o-30oC) Some seeds will ___ germinate even under the best ____. The presence of _____ seeds in the soil of an area is termed the ____

Back 26

not. conditions. ungerminated. seed bank

Front 27

Germination requires energy sources such as: _____ stored in amyloplasts, proteins, or fats and oils. In cereal grain kernels, the single ____ is modified into a massive _____. Its abundant food is used first during _____. Later it serves as a conduit from the endosperm to the rest of the embryo

Back 27

Starch. cotyledon. scutellum. germination

Front 28

Germination: As the _____ pushes through the seed coat, it orients with the environment such that the ____ & _____
Usually, the ___ emerges before the ___. The ____ becomes photosynthetic, and the _____ phase is under way. _____ may be held above or below the ground. May become _____ or _____.

Back 28

sporophyte. root grows down & shoot grows up. Root. Shoot. shoot. post embryonic. Cotyledons. photosynthetic or shrivel