General Biology Ii - Chapter 30

Front 1

The kingdom Viridiplantae includes...

Back 1

Land plants and green algae

Front 2

Charophytes

Back 2

Plants that made to land and adapted. Group sister to all land plants

Front 3

Chlorophytes

Back 3

Plants that never made it to land

Front 4

The green algae split into two major clades

Back 4

Charophytes and Chlorophytes

Front 5

All green plants arose from a ____ species of freshwater algae

Back 5

Single.

Front 6

True or false. Red and brown algae are included in Viridiplantae

Back 6

No they are not.

Front 7

Land plants have two major features:

Back 7

Protected embryos and Multicellular haploid and diploid phases

Front 8

Adaptations to terrestrial life (4) are...

Back 8

1. Protection from desiccation by a waxy cuticle and stomata
2. Moving water using tracheids
Tracheophytes have tracheids
Xylem and phloem to conduct water and food 3. Evolution of leaves which increase photosynthetic surface area (big advancement) 4. Shift to a dominant vertical diploid generation, which helped to deal with increased UV radiation and mutations

Front 9

Humans have a_____ life cycle

Back 9

diplontic

Front 10

Only the____ stage is multicellular

Back 10

Diploid

Front 11

Plants have a_______ life cycle
which includes a ….

Back 11

haplodiplontic, Multicellular diploid stage = Sporophyte and
Multicellular haploid stage = Gametophyte

Front 12

Multicellular diploid stage =

Back 12

Sporophyte

Front 13

Multicellular haploid stage =

Back 13

Gametophyte

Front 14

Sporophyte =

Back 14

“spore plant”

Front 15

Gametophyte =

Back 15

“gamete plant”

Front 16

Alternation of Generations

Back 16

is the alternation between Sporophyte and Gametophyte stages of the life cycle

Front 17

All plants are ______

Back 17

haplodiplontic

Front 18

the haploid gametophyte consumes a much larger part of the life cycle in______ and_____ than it does in higher plants like _____and_____, where the diploid sporophyte is more dominant

Back 18

mosses and ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms

Front 19

Size of the gametophyte is....

Back 19

limited in all plants

Front 20

Sporophyte (2n) produces...

Back 20

haploid spores by meiosis

Front 21

Spores divide _____, producing the gametophyte

Back 21

mitotically

Front 22

Streptophytes

Back 22

Gave rise to land plants

Front 23

Chlorophytes

Back 23

Gave rise to aquatic algae

Front 24

Green algae have two distinct lineages

Back 24

Streptophytes and Chlorophytes

Front 25

Chlorophytes
(fossils dating to ___ MYA; ____ similar to plants)

Back 25

900, chloroplasts

Front 26

Plant Life Cycles: As more complex plants evolved:

Back 26

1. Diploid Sporophyte stage became the dominant portion of the life cycle. 2. Gametophyte became more limited in size. 3. Sporophyte became nutritionally independent

Front 27

Gametophyte (1n) produces gametes by_____

Back 27

mitosis

Front 28

Gametes fuse to form the ______

Back 28

diploid sporophyte

Front 29

(a “primitive” green alga)

Back 29

Chlamydomonas

Front 30

Chlamydomonas characteristics (3)

Back 30

-Unicellular chlorophyte with two flagella -Have eyespots to direct swimming -Reproduces asexually as well as sexually

Front 31

Chlorophytes: The two phylums are

Back 31

volvox and ulva

Front 32

Chlorophytes: Volvox are...

Back 32

Colonial chlorophyte, Hollow sphere of a single layer of 500-60,000 cells, and A few cells are specialized for reproduction

Front 33

Chlorophytes: Ulva are...

Back 33

Multicellular chlorophyte, Haplodiplontic life cycle the Gametophyte and Sporophyte, have identical appearance

Front 34

Charophytes (a clade of Streptophyta) are _____ related to land plants. There are two candidate clades

Back 34

green algae, Choleocaetales and Charales

Front 35

Charales (300 species) (3) are...

Back 35

Macroscopic, Plant-like mitosis
Sister clade to land plants

Front 36

Choleocaetales (30 species) (3) are...

Back 36

Microscopic, Plant-like plasmodesmata*, the next closest plant relatives

Front 37

Bryophytes (includes 3 clades)

Back 37

Hepaticophyta, Anthocerotophyta, and Bryophyta

Front 38

Bryophytes are the____ living descendants of the first____ plants

Back 38

closest, land

Front 39

Bryophytes are called _____ because they lack tracheids (specialized transport cells)

Back 39

non-tracheophytes

Front 40

Bryophytes are...

Back 40

highly adapted to diverse terrestrial environments, Non-photosynthetic sporophyte is nutritionally dependent on the gametophyte, and Many have mycorrhizal associations as well

Front 41

Brophytes are Gametophyte_____ and_____, therefore they...

Back 41

conspicuous and photosynthetic, Require water for sexual reproduction

Front 42

Bryophytes: Liverworts (Phylum_____)

Back 42

Hepaticophyta

Front 43

Hepaticophyta have (3)...

Back 43

-Have flattened gametophytes with liver-like lobes, Form gametangia in umbrella-shaped structures, and Also can undergo asexual reproduction

Front 44

Bryophytes: Hornworts (phylum_____)

Back 44

Anthocerotophyta

Front 45

Anthocerotophyta have

Back 45

Sporophyte has stomata, Here, the sporophyte is photosynthetic, and Cells have a single large chloroplast

Front 46

Bryophytes: Mosses (phylum_____)

Back 46

Bryophyta

Front 47

Bryophyta has (3)

Back 47

Gametophytes consist of small, leaflike structures around a stem-like axis, Anchored to substrate by rhizoids, and Multicellular gametangia form at the tips of gametophytes

Front 48

Archegonia

Back 48

Female gametangia

Front 49

Antheridia

Back 49

Male gametangia

Front 50

_____ withstand drought, but not air pollution

Back 50

Mosses

Front 51

Features of Tracheophyte Plants (3)

Back 51

Cooksonia, the first vascular land plant, appeared about 420 MYA, Only a few centimeters tall, No roots or leaves, and Homosporous (=1 spore type)

Front 52

Features of Tracheophyte Plants has Vascular tissues are of two types and what are their functions

Back 52

Xylem, which conducts water and dissolved minerals upward from the roots. Phloem, which conducts sucrose and hormones throughout the plant. These enable enhanced height and size in the tracheophytes

Front 53

Tracheophytes are also characterized by the presence of a_____ and_____

Back 53

cuticle and stomata

Front 54

Vascular plants have_____ reduced in size and complexity relative to sporophytes

Back 54

gametophytes

Front 55

Their Seeds are (2)...

Back 55

Highly-resistant structures that protect the plant embryo and Occur only in heterosporous plants (=have both microspore and megaspore types)

Front 56

___in flowering plants add a layer of protection to seeds and Also attract____ that disperse seeds

Back 56

Fruits, animals

Front 57

Features of Tracheophyte Plants
Vascular plants include seven extant phyla grouped in three clades. The clades are...

Back 57

1. Lycophytes (club mosses) 2. Pterophytes (ferns and their relatives) 3. Seed plants

Front 58

Lycophytes are _____ are the _____ vascular plants

Back 58

Club mosses, earliest

Front 59

Lycophytes lack... and resembles....and they can be...

Back 59

They lack seeds. Superficially resemble true mosses but they are not related. Homosporous or heterosporous

Front 60

Pterophytes, The_____ relationships among ferns and their relatives is still being sorted out.

Back 60

phylogenetic

Front 61

Pterophytes, They all have/need (2)...

Back 61

All form antheridia and archegonia and All require free water for flagellated sperm

Front 62

Pterophytes include (3)

Back 62

True Fern, Whisk Ferns, and Horsetails

Front 63

Whisk ferns (tropical to subtropical) are...

Back 63

Sporophyte consists of evenly forking green stems without leaves or roots

Front 64

Horsetails have/ are (4)...

Back 64

All 15 living species are homosporous, Constitute a single species Equisetum, Consist of ribbed jointed photosynthetic stems that arise from branching rhizomes, Stems with silica deposits à scouring rushes in Am. N.W.

Front 65

Ferns, The most _____ group of _____ vascular plants with about 11,000 species

Back 65

abundant, seedless

Front 66

Ferns, The conspicuous sporophyte and much smaller gametophyte are both_____

Back 66

photosynthetic

Front 67

The fern life cycle differs from that of a____. Why?

Back 67

Moss, Much greater development, independence and dominance of the fern’s sporophyte

Front 68

Fern morphology, they have Sporophytes have_____

Back 68

rhizomes

Front 69

Ferns Fronds (leaves) develop at the tip of the_____ as tightly rolled-up coils_____. They unroll and expand

Back 69

rhizome, fiddleheads

Front 70

Fern reproduction: Most fern are_____.

Back 70

homosporous

Front 71

Ferns Reproduction: Produce distinctive sporangia in clusters called_____ on the back of the_____

Back 71

Sori, fronds

Front 72

Fern reproduction: Diploid spore mother cells in_____ produce____ spores by_____.

Back 72

sporangia, haploid, meiosis

Front 73

Fern Reproduction: At_____, the spores are______ by a_____ action

Back 73

maturity, catapulted, snapping

Front 74

Seed Plants, The Evolution of
Seed plants first appeared _____ MYA

Back 74

305-465

Front 75

Seed plants, Evolved from spore-bearing plants known as______.

Back 75

progymnosperms

Front 76

The seed represents an important advance (3)

Back 76

1. Protects the embryo 2. Easily dispersed. 3. Introduces a dormant phase in the life cycle

Front 77

The Evolution of Seed Plants: Seed plants produce 2 kinds of gametophytes

Back 77

Female and Male

Front 78

Male gametophytes are...and is...

Back 78

Pollen grains, Dispersed by wind or a pollinator

Front 79

Female gametophytes develop in...and enclosed within the ____ is

Back 79

Develop within an ovule, Enclosed within diploid sporophyte tissue

Front 80

Gymnosperms: Gymnosperms are plants with “_____”

Back 80

naked seeds

Front 81

Gymnosperms, _____ is exposed on a scale at _____.

Back 81

Ovule, pollination

Front 82

There are four living groups...

Back 82

Coniferophytes, Cycadophytes, Gnetophytes, and Ginkgophytes

Front 83

Coniferophytes, Cycadophytes, Gnetophytes, and Ginkgophytes all lack

Back 83

All lack flowers and fruits of angiosperms.

Front 84

Conifers (phylum Coniferophyta) are the largest_____ phylum, Include:

Back 84

gymnosperms, 1). Pines, spruces, firs, cedars and others. 2). Coastal redwood – Tallest trees. 3). Bristlecone pine – Oldest living tree

Front 85

Conifers are sources of important products...

Back 85

Timber, paper, resin and taxol (anti-cancer).

Front 86

Pines, More than 100 species, all in the Northern hemisphere. Produce tough needlelike leaves in clusters. Leaves have (2)...

Back 86

1. Thick cuticle and recessed stomata. 2. Canals into which cells secrete resin

Front 87

Pine reproduction: Male gametophytes (_____) develop from_____ in male cones by_____.

Back 87

pollen grains, microspores, meiosis

Front 88

Pine reproduction: Female cones are _____, and have _____. Two_____ develop on each scale.

Back 88

larger, woody scales, ovules

Front 89

Pine reproduction: Each_____ contains a _____ called the _____. Which is Surrounded by the _____. Opening – Micropyle, One layer becomes the _____. While scales of female cone are_____, _____ drift down between them. Are drawn to top of ______

Back 89

ovule, megasporangium, nucellus, integument, seed coat, open, pollen grains, nucellus

Front 90

Female pine cones form on the_____ branches of the _____ tree

Back 90

upper, same

Front 91

Pine reproduction: While female _____ is developing, a ______ emerges from the _____. It digests its way to the ______.

Back 91

gametophyte, pollen tube, pollen grain, archegonium

Front 92

Pine Reproduction: _____ months after pollination, pollen tube reaches_____ and delivers its_____

Back 92

15, archegonium, sperm

Front 93

Cycads (phylum Cycadophyta) are Slow-growing gymnosperms of tropical and subtropical regions. ______ resemble _____ trees.

Back 93

Sporophytes, Palm

Front 94

Cycads - _____ cones can weigh 45 kg. They also Have largest _____ cells of all organisms!

Back 94

Female, sperm

Front 95

Gnetophytes (phylum Gnetophyta) Only gymnosperms with _____ in their_____

Back 95

vessels, xylem

Front 96

Ginkgophytes (phylum Ginkgophyta) Only_____ living species remains, called _____

Back 96

one, Ginkgo biloba

Front 97

Ginkgo biloba have....

Back 97

Flagellated sperm

Front 98

Angiosperms are the_____ plants._____ are enclosed in______ tissue at the time of_____.

Back 98

flowering, Ovules, diploid, pollination

Front 99

Angiosperms: Origins as early as _____ MYA. The oldest known angiosperm in the fossil record is ______. The closest living relative to the original angiosperm is _____.

Back 99

145–208, Archaefructus, Amborella

Front 100

Flower morphology: ______develops into a bud at the end of a stalk called the______. ______expands at the tip to form a ______, to which other parts attach. Flower parts are organized in circles called _____. Really are______ stems bearing ______ leaves

Back 100

Primordium, pedicel, Pedicel, receptacle, whorls, modified, modified

Front 101

Flower morphology: Outermost whorl = _____. Second whorl =_____. Third whorl = ______ (______). Innermost whorl =______

Back 101

Sepals, Petals, Stamens, androecium, Gynoecium

Front 102

Flower morphology: Each_____ has a pollen-bearing ______ and a______ (stalk)

Back 102

stamen, anther, filament

Front 103

Gynoecium consist of....

Back 103

Consists of one or more carpels that house the female

Front 104

Carpel structure: Three major regions. 1)._____ = Swollen base containing _____. Later develops into a ______. 2).______ = Tip, where pollen lands 3).______ = Neck or stalk

Back 104

Ovary, ovules, fruit, Stigma, Style

Front 105

Angiosperm Life Cycle:
Angiosperms include:_____ (about 175,000 species)

Back 105

Eudicots and Monocots

Front 106

Eudicots are...uses

Back 106

Trees, shrubs, snapdragons, peas, other. Use flowers to attract insect pollinators

Front 107

Monocots (about 65,000 species) are...some rely on
-

Back 107

Grasses, lilies, palms, irises, others. Some rely on wind for pollination. Note: Self-pollination may also occur