Biology 100 (Exam #1)

Front 1

List the Parts of the scientific method

Back 1

Observation
Question
Hypothesis
Experiment
Data Analysis
Conclusion

Front 2

Identify all parts of Scientific Method for this scenario:
What should you do to prevent colds?

Back 2

Question:Does Vitamin C reduce the length of colds.
Hypothesis:Vitamin C reduces the length of colds
Experiment: some students given vitamin C and others given OTC drugs
Conclusion: Vitamin C reduces the length of Colds

Front 3

List the Characteristics of a good Hypotheses

Back 3

Specific to the who, what and why must be measurable and doable

Front 4

Define a scientific theory

Back 4

results are the same in reptitive experiments but not 100% proven outcome, cannot be refuted.

Front 5

Define/Describe the following:
Subject Expectation, Observer Bias, Double Blind Experiment, Random Assignment

Back 5

Subject Expectation: Subject does what he/she thinks the researcher wants.
Observer Bias: Researchers feelings may result in faulty reporting
Double Blind Experiment: Researchers dont know what the variables are and neither do the subjects but an independent third party does.
Random Assignment: Best way to get a sample group, flip coins sping wheel etc.

Front 6

Define Correlation and Causation

Back 6

Correlation: A relationship
Causation: Something that makes another thing happen.
Just because there is a correlation doesnt mean there is a causation

Front 7

Define Shared Characteristics

Back 7

Unique property that can be used to identify life; distinguishes life from non-life.

Front 8

List examples of life and non-life from lecture. (Know why they are life or non-life. Know anecdotal information about each, as given in lecture).

Back 8

a. Alive: Celery (cells alive, while celery plant is not); Egg (fertilized and not are both alive)
b. Not Alive: Wood block (made of cells no longer living)

Front 9

List the seven shared characteristics of life (define and give examples)

Back 9

i. Cells – all living things are composed of one or more cells.
ii. Reproduction – all living things can reproduce (asexually and/or sexually)
iii. Growth and Development
iv. Energy capture – all living things take in energy from their environment
v. Sensing and responding – all living things sense their environment and respond to it
vi. Homeostasis – all living things maintain constant internal conditions
vii. Evolution - all living organisms change genetically as groups over time

Front 10

List basic properties of life, common to both living and non-living things

Back 10

a. Complexity – intricate; complicated
b. Movement – change in position from one place to another

Front 11

Define life

Back 11

Not easy to define; difference between life/death at cellular level vs. entire organism
i. cells die continuously, but organism still lives;
ii. transplants – entire organ is removed from one person and given to another

Front 12

Define death through history and today

Back 12

Movement; breathing; heartbeat; brain waves

Front 13

define and give examples of disease, chronic disease, infectious disease, autoimmune disease

Back 13

a. disease: Abnormal deviation from normal state of health
b. chronic disease: Disease that persists for a long time, often becomes more common with age
i. Ex: heart disease, cancer
c. infectious disease: Disease that can be spread, directly or indirectly, from one person to another
i. Influenza, gonorrhea
d. autoimmune disease: disease in which the body attacks its own tissues
i. Arthritis

Front 14

list different types of infectious agents (pathogens) and give examples of each (explain how each type of pathogen causes disease)

Back 14

Bacteria: Ecoli, Gonorrhea
Viruses: Influenza
Parasites: Tape Worm
Protists: Malaria
Prions: Normally occurring protein in the brain
Fungi: Yeast infection

Front 15

explain how each type of pathogen causes disease

Back 15

Bacteria secrete toxins that are harmful to cells
Viruses enter a cell and fuses with cell, directing cell to make copies of virus parts
Parasites live inside body and feed off their host
Fungi spores get onto your body and stay there then grow
Prion protein produced by brain cells, in brain cell mis fold and clot.
Protists are transferred from a carrier to a victim (Mesquito)

Front 16

ist the four ways pathogens can be transmitted

Back 16

Through Skin, Ingested, Inhaled, Direct contact with blood

Front 17

define pathogen, immune system, nonspecific response, and specific response

Back 17

a. pathogen: any agent that causes a disease
b. immune system: Defense system that protects against most infectious agents
c. nonspecific response: Response to pathogens that is not “made-to-order” for specific pathogens
d. specific response: Response that is “made-to-order” for specific pathogens (chicken pox)

Front 18

list the three lines of defense against disease

Back 18

a. Physical and chemical barriers (non-specific)
i. Skin
1. Physical barrier
2. Chemical secretions, acidic
ii. Linings
1. Respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive traits
2. Physical barrier, hair-like filters
3. Mucous traps infectious agents
4. Enzymes, chemicals, acidic
a. Tears, saliva, stomach acids and enzymes, female reproductive track
b. Innate Immune System (non-specific)
i. Constantly ready to attack
ii. No long-term protection against previously encountered pathogens
iii. 3 components
1. Macrophages
a. Type of white blood cells
b. Surround or “eat” pathogens
2. Inflammatory Response
a. Triggered by tissue damage
b. Mast calls (WBC) release histamine and other signals
c. Increased blood flow (warmth and reddening)
d. Leaky blood vessels = swelling
e. Results: more oxygen, nutrients, dilution of toxins, healing chemicals
3. White blood cells and proteins
a. Proteins attach to invaders and mak

Front 19

list the steps of response for the adaptive immune system

Back 19

a. Lymphocytes produced during development, have different antigen receptors
b. Antigen present in body
i. Molecule foreign to host, cause immune system to react: antigen
c. Antigen shape matches antigen receptor shape on a type of lymphocyte
d. Antigen triggers production of B and T cells
i. B cells
1. Make copies of themselves
2. Make memory cells
3. Secrete antibodies
4. Antibodies burst foreign or infected cell membranes
ii. T Cells
1. Make many memory cells
2. Make many cytotoxic T cells that attack and kill cells
3. Make many helper T cells that alert B and T cells to an infection

Front 20

define antigen

Back 20

A characteristic protein or other molecule produced by an invading pathogen that is recognized as alien by particular lymphocytes and which incites B cells to produce antibodies directed against it.

Front 21

define antibiotic, antiviral, vaccination

Back 21

antibiotic: A chemical substance produced by a microorganism which has the capacity, in dilute solutions, to inhibit the growth of or to kill other microorganisms
i. How they work: (Many different possibilities)
1. Harms bacterium, not host cells
2. Interferes with cell wall or cell membrane
3. Interferes with processes the bacterium need to make proteins
4. Can “cure” you of disease in addition to making symptoms better.
b. Antiviral: Drugs which stimulate cellular defenses against viruses
i. How they work:
1. Enhance host cell immune responses
2. Interfere with viral replication
3. Make cell more disease resistant to viral genes
4. Cannot “cure” disease but can make symptoms better
c. Vaccination: Introduction into your body of dead or disabled pathogens or a harmless microbe with pathogen proteins on its surface.
i. How they work:
1. Contain pathogenic antigens
2. Don’t cause disease
3. Triggers adaptive immune system response
4.

Front 22

describe how B cells and T cells fight pathogens

Back 22

B cells copy themselves and make memory cells which secrete antibodies to burst infected cells

T cells make many memory cells make many cytotxic cells that attack and kill cells make many helper T cells that alert B & T cells

Front 23

list what the carter Center does, what its highest priority is

Back 23

Further prevention of preventable illnesses

Front 24

Explain what the Closing the Gap study was

Back 24

a. Study done jointly by the Carter Center and Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta. What could be done with present knowledge by informed people to avoid most common killers
b. list 9 behaviors you should do, in order of importance, to increase your life expectancy by 11 years
i. Do not Smoke
ii. Maintain recommended body weight
iii. Exercise regularly
iv. Minimize consumption of foods high in cholesterol and saturated fats, sugar, and salt
v. Do not drink excessively, never drive when drinking
vi. Fasten seat belts
vii. Remove handguns from the home
viii. Have regular medical checkups, including blood-pressure
ix. If symptoms of depression or unhappiness persist, seek treatment

Front 25

list the percentage of Americans in 2005 with some form of CVD

Back 25

a. 80,700,000 Americans have some forms of CVD (33%)

Front 26

what are three common CVDs that Americans have in order of most common to least common

Back 26

a. High Blood Pressure
b. Coronary heart disease (artery blocked=heart attack)
c. Stroke (Blood vessel in brain is blocked/explodes)
d. Some individuals have more than one of the above

Front 27

CVD, cancer, accidents, HIV in 2005. put these in order from most deaths to least deaths.

Back 27

a. CVD (36.3%)
b. Cancer (23.1%)
c. Accidents (4.7%)
d. HIV (.5%)

Front 28

6. define and explain the consequences of
a. angina pectoris:
b. myocardial infarction:
c. stroke:
d. atherosclerosis:
e. arteriosclerosis:
f. hypertension:
g. List risk factors for atherosclerosis
i.

Back 28

Angina Pectoris: Not enough blood supply to heart no cells died
Myocardial infarction: not enough blood supply to heart and those cells without blood die
Stroke: Not enough blood supply to brain, blood vessel bursts and can get blocked with clot
Atherosclerosis: Accumulation of material in arteries
Arteriosclerosis: Hardening of arteries
Hypertension: High blood pressure, damage arteries.

Front 29

define and list the functions of LDL, HDL. List the levels of LDL, HDL and total blood cholesterol that are too high (LDL, total cholesterol) and too low (HDL).

Back 29

ldl = bad
hdl = good

ldlWhen too much LDL (bad) cholesterol circulates in the blood, it can slowly build up in the inner walls of the arteries that feed the heart and brain
distributes cholesterol throughout body including arteries. Helps form plaque in arteries
HDL cholesterol is known as “good” cholesterol, because high levels of HDL seem to protect against heart attack. takes cholesterol in blood and takes to the liver, where it is processed and excreted.

Front 30

list warning signs of sudden and intense heart attack (cardiac arrest) & what to do if you notice them

Back 30

Fall down, stop moving / breathing

Front 31

list warning signs of heart attacks that begin with mild pain and what to do if you notice them

Back 31

Mild pain either up arm or through abdomen usually shortness of breath, call 911

Front 32

list stroke warning signs and what to do if you notice them

Back 32

Sudden numbness of a limb or face, confusion, slurred speech, call 911

Front 33

distinguish between heart attack warning signs for men and women

Back 33

Men is a pain through the arm to the chest, women is through abdomen and sometimes accompanied by nasea

Front 34

explain the difference/lack of difference between heart attack warning signs and anxiety attack symptoms

Back 34

Very close to the same, usually a gut call from the victim

Front 35

Why does calcium deposit in your arteries? Where does it come from?

Back 35

The deposist of calcium in your arteries is called atherosclerosis. The plaque could be made of fat, cholesterol, calcium and other substances. In your case it is the build up of calcium in your arteries that cause symptoms of angina.
causes are unknown

Front 36

can your body get rid of cholesterol and other deposits that have already accumulated in your arteries?

Back 36

No

Front 37

define and identify an analogy of/example of DNA, gene, chromosome, mutation, cancer

Back 37

DNA is the information/instructions your cells have to follow
Gene is a certain type of information such as hair/eye color
Chromosome is a set of 2 chromatin that contains DNA
Mutation is an abnormality of a gene
Cancer is a growth conditions where cells grow out of control creating tumors and possibly infecting other organs

Front 38

describe the cell cycle – all phases

Back 38

Goes through 5 phases, G1, S, G2, M, and Cytokinesis

Front 39

escribe what happens at each cell cycle checkpoint

Back 39

G1 checkpoint checks to see if cell has grown enough
G2 checkpoint checks to see if DNA is replicated correctly
M(etaphase) checkpoint checks to see that chromosomes are aligned correctly and attached to microtubules

Front 40

describe cell division in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Back 40

Eukaryotes go through Mitosis or Meiosis have nucleus

Prokaryotes no nucleus, go through binary fission

Front 41

for mitosis and meiosis list the type of reproduction it is associated with, its function, the type of cells that undergo the process, the number of chromosomes at the beginning and end of the process, the number of cells at the beginning and end of the process, how the terms “diploid” and “haploid” apply

Back 41

Mitosis associated with asexual reproduction, functions are growth & repair, cells that undergo mitosis include body and somatic cells (nonreproductive). Diploid – 2 sets of chromosomes at the end (46 total) the entire time

Meiosis is associated with sexual reproduction cells (sperm / ova). Starts with 46 chromosomes, ends with 23. Haploid because only half of the chromosomes are in each “new” cell

Front 42

proto-oncogenes/oncogenes, tumor suppressors – what they do when not mutated, what they do when mutated, how these mutations relate to cell cycle, how these mutations cause cancer

Back 42

Proto-oncogenes allow the cell cycle to continue if everything looks alright while tumor-suppressors stop the cell if it’s not ok (P.O = green light, T.S.= Brakes analogies) These mutations can cause cancer because if mutated cells make it through the entire cycle and begin to divide again it can quickly turn into a tumor. Malignant tumors can spread to other organs.

Front 43

define benign tumor, malignant tumor, metastasis

Back 43

Benign tumors are harmless, noninvasive and encapsulated
Malignant tumors spread to other parts of the body via blood stream of lymph system, invasive and not encapsulated
Metastasis is the final stage of cancer where malignant tumors have spread to other organs

Front 44

what is the cancer that causes the greatest number of cancer deaths in the US?

Back 44

Lung Cancer

Front 45

define risk factor. List general risk factors for cancer

Back 45

Factor that increases the odds of something happening
General risk factors of cancer include tobacco use, uv radiation, unhealthy diets,

Front 46

list risk factors for various types of cancer (skin, breast, prostate)

Back 46

Tobacco Use – lungs, mouth, larynx, bladder, kidney, cervix, esophagus, pancreas
UV Radiation – Skin cancer
Diet – Breast, prostate

Front 47

list cancers for which tobacco use puts you at risk

Back 47

Lungs, mouth, larynx, bladder, kidney, cervix, esophagus, pancreas

Front 48

4 ways to prevent cancer

Back 48

Don’t smoke
Use Sunblock
Eat Healthy
Regular checkups

Front 49

define remission, staging

Back 49

Remission is the gradual halting / reversal
Staging – how far progressed the cancer is

Front 50

list specific cancer symptoms, list general cancer symptoms

Back 50

colon & Prostate:Change in bowel habits,
Skin:A sore that doesn’t heal
Lung, colon, cervical bladder, kidney or breast: Unusual bleeding or discharge
Breast, testicular or lymphatic: Thickening or lumps,
Esophageal, stomach or throat: Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
Skin:Obvious change in warts / moles
Lung/Throat/Thyroid: Nagging cough or hoarseness

Front 51

list specific cancers that display each warning sign/symptom

Back 51

Change in bowel habits – colon, bladder, or prostate cancer
A sore that doesn’t heal – skin cancer
Unusual bleeding or discharge – Lung, colon, rectal, cervical, uternine, bladder, kidney, or breast
Thickening or lump – Many can be felt through skin

Front 52

cancer treatments – what each one is and what types of cancer it is used for (localized, metastasized)

Back 52

Localized – Surgery and radiation therapy
Chemotherapy – metastasized