Biology 100- Review For Exam #3

Front 1

Noncellular infectious particle which consist of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protein coat.

Back 1

Virus

Front 2

What are microscopic prokaryotic cells that generally have one circular chromosome and often have extra DNA in the form of plasmids?

Back 2

Bacteria

Front 3

What are eukaryotic infectious agents?

Back 3

Fungi and Protozoa

Front 4

What are the characteristics of bacteria?

Back 4

1. All bacteria are prokaryotes; they don't have a membranebound nucleus.
2. Single chromosome
3. Cell wall of peptidoglycan
4. Reproduce by prokaryotic fission

Front 5

Virus that has RNA as its genetic material. Incubation? 1st symtoms? Tranmission? Vaccine?

Back 5

Hepatitis A virus
-Incubation: 15-45 days
-1st symptoms: Tired, loss of appetite, jaundice a week later
-No chronic infection
-Transmission: Fecal-oral route (contaminated food)
-Vaccine- Giving part of the organism/alerting your immune system

Front 6

Virus that has DNA as its genetic material. Easier to catch this than HIV. Incubation? Symptoms? Transmission?

Back 6

Hepatitus B virus
-Incubation: 6 weeks- 6 months
-25-30% asymptomatic (if you do have symptoms, last 3-4 months)
-5-10% chronic infection, which may lead to liver damage, cirrhosis, cancer
-Transmission: sexual, blood

Front 7

Virus that has RNA as its genetic material. Incubation? Symptoms? Transmission?

Back 7

Hepatitis C virus
-Incubation: very very long (20-30 years)
-75-85% asymptomatic
-80% chronic "silent killer"
-Transmission: mainly by blood, sexual
-No vaccine

Front 8

A few rare, fetal degenerative diseases of the central nervous system are linked to small infectious proteins called ______.

Back 8

prions

Front 9

What are the nonspecific defenses against pathogens?

Back 9

1. Barriers like skin
2. Stomach acid; inside of stomach similar to battery acid
3. Tears/saliva
4. Cililated mucous membrane; lining of the resporatory tract
5. Phagocytosis; process where only phagocytic cells or "scavengers" can do this
6. Fever; caused by your phagocyotic cells

Front 10

Nonspecific defenses include white blood cells, which include what five things?

Back 10

1. Neutrophil
2. Eosinophil
3. Basophil
4. Monocytes
5. Lymphocyles

Front 11

What are the 3 properties of specific defenses or your immune system?

Back 11

1. Specific
2. Has memory
3. Distinguishes self from non-self

Front 12

A protein that the cells are making. Any of a variety of Y-shaped receptor molecules with binding sites for specific antigens. Only B cells produce antibodies, then position them at their surface or secrete them.

Back 12

Antibody

Front 13

There are _____ classes of antibodies, whic the B cells produce.

Back 13

five

Front 14

____ is the first antibody secreted during immune responses and the first one produced by newborns. The molecules cluster into a structure iwth ten antigen binding sites, which makes it more efficient at binding clumped targets. They are short-lived and can be receptors on B cells.

Back 14

IgM

Front 15

Most common antibody. Most efficient one at turning on complement proteins, and it neutralizes many toxins. It easily crosses the placenta and protects the developing fetus with the mother's acquired immunities. Fairly long-lived.

Back 15

IgM

Front 16

In ______ ______, you see the antigen, you make an immune response, and you'll be doing all the work.

Back 16

Active immunity

Front 17

In ______ _______, someone else has the immune response and you get the benefits temporarily. E.g. mother with memory cells of chicken pox protects the fetus.

Back 17

Passive immunity

Front 18

Which of the following could be called "pathogens"?
a. Viruses only, because they are nonliving
b. Bacteria only, because they are prokaryotes
c. protozoans, because they are eukaryotes
d. bacteria and protozoans only, because they are alive
e. viruses, bacteria, and protozoans

Back 18

e. viruses, bacteria, and protozoans

Front 19

Diseases occurring more or less continuously, but in rather localized populations, are:
a. sporadic
b. endemic
c. pandemic
d. epidemic
e. virulent

Back 19

b. endemic

Front 20

Most scientists do not consider viruses to be "alive" because:
a. they have no genes
b. their metabolic machinery is borrowed from the host cell
c. they are unable to reproduce
d. no definite structural features are seen under the microscope
e. they have no proteins

Back 20

b. their metabolic machinery is borrowed from the host cell

Front 21

Antibiotic drugs are most effective against:
a. bacteria primarily
b. viruses primarily
c. bacteria primarily, and some viruses
d. bacteria and viruses equally
e. all pathogens

Back 21

a. bacteria primarily

Front 22

In bacteria, DNA is:
a. in the nucleus
b. in the organelles
c. in both the nucleus and organelles
d. in a single circular thread
e. as particles scattered throughout the entire bacteria cell

Back 22

d. in a single circular

Front 23

Infective proteins are known as:
a. retroviruses
b. prions
c. viruses
d. fungi
e. none of these, because nucleic acids are needed for infections

Back 23

b. prions

Front 24

When a virus takes over the machinery of a cell, it forces the cell to manufacture:
a. more mitochondria to produce energy for the virus
b. more lysosomes for digestion
c. more food particles
d. more viral particles
e. more Golgi bodies so that the cell will secrete excess viruses

Back 24

d. more viral particles

Front 25

Four of the five answers listed below are bacterial structures. Select the exception.
a. cell wall
b. mitochondria
c. DNA
d. ribosomes
e. cell membrane

Back 25

b. mitochondria

Front 26

Vaccination is available against:
a. herpes simplex viruses
b. hepatitis B
c. malaria
d. West Nile virus
e. hepatitis C

Back 26

b. hepatitis B

Front 27

Whic of the following is a reemerging disease?
a. TB
b. SARS
c. West Nile
d. malaria
e. sickle cell anemia

Back 27

a. TB

Front 28

General name for viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and parasitic worms that cause diseases.

Back 28

Pathogen

Front 29

The most abundant kind of white blood cell. Ingests and kills bacteria, then digest the dead cells.

Back 29

Neutrophils

Front 30

Secrete substances (such as histamine) that may help keep inflamination going after it starts.

Back 30

Basophils

Front 31

What are the 6 examples of non-specific defense mechanisms?

Back 31

1. Barriers like skin
2. Stomach acid (inside of stomach similar to battery acid; level of protection against organism)
3. Tears/Saliva
4. Cilated Mucous Membrane (e.g. lining of the resporatory tract)
5. Phagocytosis (process where only phagocytotic cells or "scavengers" can do this"
6. Fever

Front 32

3 Cells that are phagocytic ("scavenger" cells).

Back 32

1. Neutrophil
2. Monocyte
3. Macrophage

Front 33

One of the phagocytic white blood cells. It engulfs anything detected as foreign, Some also become antigen-presenting cells that serve as the trigger for immune responses by T and B lymphocytes. Compare antigen-presenting cell.

Back 33

Macrophage

Front 34

Any marker that triggers the formation of lymphocyte armies and is their target is an _______. The most important ____ are proteins at the surfaces of pathogens and tumor cells. It is a chemical (usually a foreign protein) that triggers an immune response to itself.

Back 34

antigen

Front 35

The immune system has four key features, which are what?

Back 35

1. It recognizeds self versus nonself
2. It has specificity, because it is directed against one particular antigen.
C. It has diversity, because the B and T cells can respond to at least a billion different threats.
D. Each response shows memory. A subsequent encounter with the same antigen triggers a more rapid, stronger secondary response.

Front 36

An _____ is an immune response to a generally harmless substance.

Back 36

allergy

Front 37

Fever is caused by your ___________ ____.

Back 37

phagocyotic cells

Front 38

What are the 5 classes of antibodies?

Back 38

IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD, IgE

Front 39

Antibody that is an immunoglobulin. 1st antibody made in a primary immune response. Short-lived. Receptors on B cells.

Back 39

IgM

Front 40

Most common antibody. Fairly long-lived. Can cross the placenta to the fetus.

Back 40

IgG

Front 41

"In External secretation." Mucus, saliva, tears, colostrum, breast milk.

Back 41

IgA

Front 42

Receptors on B cells. Don't know what they do.

Back 42

IgD

Front 43

Antibodies that are allergies. Abnormal hyperactive reaction. Evolved to fight parasitic infections.

Back 43

IgE

Front 44

Purposely being exposed to antigens, which will stimulate your immune cells and you'll make memory cells.

Back 44

Vaccinations

Front 45

Living but not pathogenetic (won't give you a disease)

Back 45

Attenuated infectious agents

Front 46

Transplantation of organs from one species of animal to another.

Back 46

Xenotransplantation

Front 47

Active immunity?

Back 47

You see the antigen.
You make an immune response.
You're doing all the work.

Front 48

Passive immunity?

Back 48

Someone else has the immune response. You get the benefits (temporily). E.g. mother with memory cells of chicken pox protects the fetus.

Front 49

Gamma-globulin shots do what?

Back 49

Injection of antibodies e.g. HEPA for treatment of Hepatitis A.

Front 50

Body wide, systemic allergic reaction. Can kill you. Not enough blood press or a drop could cause shock.

Back 50

Anaphylaxis

Front 51

A basophil-like cell that releases histamine during tissue inflammation.

Back 51

Mast cell

Front 52

Local signaling molecule that fans inflammation; makes arterioles dilate and capillaries more permeable (leaky).

Back 52

Histamine

Front 53

How does antigen get onto your cell?

Back 53

1. Virally-infected cell
2. It's a cancer cell.
3. Most Common- Phagocytic cells present the antigen. Non-specific defenders takes antigen from bacteria and places it in cell membrane.

Front 54

"Recognition proteins." Label your cells as belonging to you.

Back 54

MHC. Major Histocompatibility Complex proteins.

Front 55

1st T cell responds to antigen. Then releases a chemical called ________.

Back 55

cytokines

Front 56

Cytokines does what three things?

Back 56

1. Stimulate phagocytosis
2. Stimulate b-calls or humoral immunal response
3. Stimulate T cytotoxi cells or cell-to-cell combat.

Front 57

__________ mount a chemical counterattack, in the form of antibodies. Accordingly, their responses are said to be antibody-mediated.

Back 57

B Cells

Front 58

An RNA virus that infects animal cells. They establish yet another relationship with the host cell. This is what happens when a person becomes infected with HIV.

Back 58

Retrovirus

Front 59

Six step cycle of the virus?

Back 59

1. Attachment to the host cell
2. Entry of the virus or its genetic material into the cell's cytoplasm.
3. Replication of the viral DNA or RNA
4. Synthesis of enzymes and other proteins, using the host cell's metabolic machinery
5. Assembly of the viral nucleic acids and viral proteins into new virus particles
6. Release of the new virus particles from the cell

Front 60

Direct cause of ______ is a protozoan called Plasmodium. Shaking, chill, a high fever, and drenching sweats classic symptoms.

Back 60

Malaria

Front 61

Caused by a highly contagious microbe of the coronavirus family. First transmitted to humans from civet, a Chinese food delicacy.

Back 61

SARS

Front 62

Spread by mosquitoes that have fed on infected birds. Little in the way of effective treatment. Common symptoms are fever and GI tract discomfort.

Back 62

West Nile Virus

Front 63

Reemerging disease. Trasmitted in airborne droplets produced by coughing or sneezing. Crowded, unsanitary condition, HIV, and intravenous drug abusers are more likely to get it.

Back 63

TB

Front 64

HIV can only infect cells that have a surface receptor called _______.

Back 64

CD4.

Front 65

_____ and ________ __ _____ are known as CD4 lymphocytes because they have this receptor.

Back 65

Macrophages and helper T cells

Front 66

During some phases of HIV infection, the virus infects an estimated 2 billion _____ ___ _____ and produces 100 million to 1 billion new HIV particles each day. They bud from the plasma membrane of the ______ ___ _____ or are released when the membrane ruptures.

Back 66

Helper T cells

Front 67

What is the process of HIV?

Back 67

1. Viral RNA enters a CD4 lymphocyte.
2. Viral RNA forms by reverse transcription of viral RNA.
3. The viral DNA becomes integrated into host cell's DNA.
4. DNA, including the viral genes, is transcribed.
5. Some transcripts are new viral RNA, others are translated into proteins. Both self-assemble into new virus particles.
6. Virus particles that bud from the infected cell may attack a new one.

Front 68

The preferred treatment of HIV?

Back 68

A drug "cocktail" that often consists of a protease inhibitor and two anti-HIV drugs

Front 69

The specific kind of defense ica called an _____ _____, and it occurs when lymphocytes recognize an invading pathogen.

Back 69

immune response

Front 70

____ __ _____ that bind to antigen MHC complexes secrete chemical signals. The signals call for the repeated round of division that form armies of sensitized B and T cells. They also prompt the specialization of the B and T cells into effector and memory cells.

Back 70

Helper T cells

Front 71

_____ ___ ___ and natural killer cells attack infected body cells, tumor cells, and cells of organ transplants. They release chemical weapons that form lethal pore in a target's plasma membrane. Because cells mount this immune response, counterattacks by theses cells are called what?

Back 71

Cytotoxic T cells; cell-mediated responses

Front 72

__ _____ mount a chemical counterattack, in the form of antibodies.

Back 72

B cells.

Front 73

An _____ is a protein that can bind to an antigen.

Back 73

antibody

Front 74

Different flu strains have different unique surface antigens.

Back 74

True

Front 75

In an _______ _____, the immune system's powerful weapons are unleashed against normal body cells or proteins.

Back 75

autoimmune response

Front 76

What are 3 examples of the autoimmune response?

Back 76

1. Rheumatoid arthritis
2. Type 1 diabetes
3. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

Front 77

Where are the MHC found?

Back 77

They are some of the proteins that stick out above the plasma membrane of body cells.