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154 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is an atom? |
Smallest part of an element that still has all properties of that element |
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What are the charges on each of the 3 subatomic particles? |
Proton (+) Electron (-) Neutron (neutral) |
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What is an element? |
Pure substance consisting of atoms with the same number of protons |
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What are the 4 main elements of life? |
Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen |
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What does the number ABOVE the atomic symbol reflect? |
Atomic Number |
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What does the number BELOW the atomic symbol reflect? |
Atomic Weight |
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How many neutrons in Carbon? Oxygen? How do you find out? |
Carbon = 6 neutrons Oxygen = 8 neutrons
Subtract number of protons from the atomic weight |
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What is a molecule? |
Two or more atoms bonded together |
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What are the 3 chemical bonds? |
Ionic Covalent Hydrogen |
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What causes covalent bonds? What is an example of one? |
Sharing electrons H20 (water) |
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What causes ionic bonds? What is an example of one? |
Polar attraction between (+) and (-)charged atoms NaCl (salt) |
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What causes hydrogen bonds? What is an example of one? |
Weak polar attraction of hydrogen Water molecules |
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What does polar mean? |
Holds a charge (+) or (-) |
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What are some chemical water properties making it essential to life? |
Good solvent Cohesion Temperature stability |
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How are electrons configured? |
Shells: 2)8)8)2) |
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What is an organic molecule? |
Contains mainly carbon |
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What is an ion? |
Charged atom or molecule |
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What causes an atom to be positively (+) or negatively (-) charged? |
Losing or gaining electrons |
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What is the most important ion to life? How is it measured? |
Hydrogen ions (H+) The PH scale |
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What is an isotope? |
Element that differs in number of neutrons the atom carries |
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Name a radioisotope |
C14 (or any atom with added neutrons) |
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What is the benefit/use of radioactive substances in biology? |
Cancer treatments; PET scans; carbon dating |
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How do tracers work? |
Made of radioisotopes which are detectable |
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What are the fundamental building blocks of all matter? |
Atoms |
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What is the smallest unit of life? |
Cell |
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What is the transmission of DNA to offspring? |
Inheritance |
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What is the process by which an organism produces offspring? |
Reproduction |
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What do organisms require to maintain themselves, grow, and reproduce? |
Nutrients and Energy |
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What move around for at least part of their life? |
Animals |
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What is the process where an organism keeps conditions in its internal environment within ranges that its cells can tolerate? |
Homeostasis |
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What are the traits of DNA? |
Guides form and function Is the basis of traits Is transmitted from parents to offspring |
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Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya are three _____? |
Domains |
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What is a control group? |
The standard against which an experimental group is compared |
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Match: LIFE, PROBABILITY, SPECIES, SCIENTIFIC THEORY, HYPOTHESIS, PREDICTION, PRODUCER a. if-then statement b. unique type of organism c. emerges with cells d. testable explanation e. measure of chance f. makes its own food g. time-tested hypothesis |
LIFE - (c) emerges with cells PROBABILITY - (e) measure of chance SPECIES - (b) unique type of organism SCIENTIFIC THEORY - (g) time tested theory HYPOTHESIS - (d) testable explanation PREDICTION - (a) if-then statement PRODUCER - (f) makes its own food |
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Which element has only one proton? |
Hydrogen |
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What DOESN'T salt release into water? |
Hydrogen ions (H+) |
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What's the term for a substance that repels water? |
Hydrophobic |
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When dissolved in water, a(n) ______ donates H+ and a(n) ______ accepts H+. |
ACID BASE |
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Which are monosaccharides? GLUCOSE RIBOSE SUCROSE STARCH |
GLUCOSE RIBOSE |
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Unlike saturated fatty acids, the tails of unsaturated fatty acids incorporate one or more _____. |
Double bonds |
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What is the class of molecules that includes these: FATTY ACIDS, TRIGLYCERIDES, WAXES, AND STEROIDS? |
Lipids |
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_____ are to proteins as _____ are to nucleic acids. |
Amino acids; Nucleotides (both are sub-units of the larger group) |
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What has a denatured protein lost? |
Its hydrogen bond, its shape, and its function |
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Match: HYDROPHILIC, ATOMIC NUMBER, HYDROGEN BONDS, POSITIVE CHARGE, TEMPERATURE, NEGATIVE CHARGE, SOLUTION a. protons > electrons b. number of protons in nucleus c. polar; dissolves easily in water d. collectively strong e. protons < electrons f. measure of molecular motion g. solute dissolved in solvent |
HYDROPHILIC - (c) polar; dissolves easily in water ATOMIC NUMBER - (b) number of protons in nucleus HYDROGEN BONDS - (d) collectively strong POSITIVE CHARGE - (a) protons > electrons TEMPERATURE - (f) measure of molecular motion NEGATIVE CHARGE - (e) protons < electrons SOLUTION - (g) solute dissolved in solvent |
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Between amino acids, sugars, nucleotides, and phosphate groups, which are NOT found in DNA? |
Amino acids |
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Match: WAX, STARCH, TRIGLICERIDE, DNA, POLYPEPTIDE, ATP a. protein primary structure b. an energy carrier c. water-repellent secretions d. carries heritable information e. sugar storage in plants f. richest energy source in animals |
WAX - (c) water-repellent secretions STARCH - (e) sugar storage in plants TRIGLICERIDE - (f) richest energy source in animals DNA - (d) carries heritable information POLYPEPTIDE - (a) protein primary structure ATP - (b) an energy carrier |
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Match: PROTEIN, PHOSPHOLIPID, TRIGLYCERIDE, NUCLEIC ACID, CELLULOSE, NUCLEOTIDE, WAX, GLYCOPROTEIN a. glycerol, fatty acids, phosphate b. glycerol, three fatty acids c. nucleotides d. glucose only e. sugar, phosphate, base f. amino acid monomers g. amino acids, sugars h. fatty acids, carbon rings |
PROTEIN - (f) animo acid monomers PHOSPHOLIPID - (a) glycerol, fatty acids, phosphates TRIGLYCERIDE - (b) glycerol, three fatty acids NUCLEIC ACID - (c) nucleotides CELLULOSE - (d) glucose only NUCLEOTIDE - (e) sugar, phosphate, base WAX - (h) fatty acids, carbon rings GLYCOPROTEIN - (g) amino acids, sugars |
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What are the levels of organization in nature? |
Atom Molecule Cell Organism Population Community Ecosystem Biosphere |
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What are the traits of all cells? |
Can metabolize Use energy to Grow/Develop/Reproduce Pass on genetic information and evolve Respond to stimuli Maintain homeostasis Exhibit emergent properties Will die |
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How are cells organized in a complete organism? |
Tissues, Organs, and Organ systems |
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In terms of getting energy, organisms that make their own food are ________ while organisms who feed on other organisms are _________. |
Producers Consumers |
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What is the practice of naming and classifying? |
Taxonomy |
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What are the steps of the scientific process? |
1. Observe 2. Form a hypothesis 3. Test the hypothesis (predict-experiment-analyze data) 4. Form a conclusion 5. Report findings for peer review |
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What are the four major biochemicals of life? |
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids |
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Define carbohydrate; what is an example? |
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen atoms in a 1:2:1 ratio Monosaccharides and Dissacharides |
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What are some examples of Polysaccharides? |
Cellulose, Starch, and Glycogen |
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Define lipids; what are some examples? |
Fatty, oily, or waxy nonpolar organic molecule Fats, phospholipids, wax, steroids |
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What is an example of a steroid? |
Cholesterol |
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What is a protein; what links them together? |
An organic molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides Amino Acids |
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Proteins that have lost their shape and function are what? |
Denatured |
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What is an example of an infectious protein particle or disease? |
Prion (mad cow disease) |
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What is a Nucleic Acid; what are some examples? |
Chains of nucleotides; polymers of nucleotide monomers joined by sugar-phosphate bonds DNA, RNA, and ATP |
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Every cell is descended from another cell: this idea is part of _________. |
The cell theory |
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What is cell theory? |
- All organisms consist of one or more cells - The cell is the structural and functional unit of all organisms; smallest unit of life and individually alive even as part of an organism - All cells come from division of preexisting cells - All cells contain hereditary material and pass DNA to offspring when they divide |
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What's the difference between Prokaryote and Eukaryote cells? |
Eukaryotic cells are larger, contain nucleus, and have many organelles |
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What is a plasma membrane? |
Fluid mosaic; phospholipid bi-layer with proteins and lipids |
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What is cytoplasm? |
Fluid inside of the cell |
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What are the structures of a prokaryotic cell? |
- Cytoplasm - Ribosomes - DNA in nucleoid - Plasma membrane - Cell Wall - Capsule - Pilus - Flagellum |
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What are the dangers of prokaryotic growth forming biofilms? |
Very fast colony growth with a large number |
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What are the organelles inside a Eukaryotic cell?
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Nucleus Vesicles Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Golgi body Mitochondria Cytoskeleton Chloroplasts (plants) |
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What does a nucleus do? |
Carries DNA |
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What is the function of a nucleolus?
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Carries RNA |
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What are the functions of ribosomes? |
Organelles that make protein |
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What's the difference between Smooth and Rough ER? |
Smooth - Makes Proteins Rough - Makes Lipids |
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What is the function of the golgi bodies? |
Modifies polypeptides and lipids, then packages the finished products into vesicles |
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What is the difference between Peroxisomes and Lysosomes? |
Peroxisome – Enzyme-filled vesicle that breaks down amino acids, fatty acids, and toxic substances Lysosomes – Enzyme-filled vesicles that break down cellular wastes and debris |
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What is the function of the mitochondria? |
Produces ATP by aerobic respiration |
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What is the function of chloroplasts? |
Photosynthesis in the cells of plants and photosynthetic protists |
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What is the function of the cytoskeleton? |
Networkof protein filaments that support, organize, and move eukaryotic cells and their internal structures |
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What are the structural fibers of the cytoskeleton? |
Microtubule Microfilament Intermediate filament Pseudopod Cilia Flagella |
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_______ is life's primary source of energy. |
Sunlight |
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Which of the following statements is NOT correct? b. Energy cannot change from one form to another c. Energy tends to disperse spontaneously |
b. Energy cannot change from one form to another. |
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If we liken a reaction to an energy hill, then a reaction that ______ is an uphill run. b. Releases energy c. Runs from reactants to products d. Uses an enzyme and a cofactor |
a. Requires energy |
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In an energy-requiring reaction, activation energy is a bit like _____. a. a burst of speed b. coasting downhill c. a bump at the top of the hill d. putting on the brakes |
c. A bump at the top of the hill |
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_______ are always changed by participating in a reaction (choose all that are correct). a. Enzymes b. Cofactors c. Reactants d. Coenzymes |
c. Reactants |
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An environmental factor that directly influences enzyme function is _____. a. temperature b. wind c. light d. all of the above |
a. Temperature |
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A metabolic pathway _______. a. may build or break down molecules b. generates heat c. can include an electron transfer chain d. all of the above |
d. All of the above |
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Which of the following statements is NOT correct? a. Some metabolic pathways are cyclic. b. Glucose can diffuse directly through a lipid bi-layer. c. Feedback inhibition controls some metabolic pathways. d. All coenzymes are cofactors. e. Osmosis is a case of diffusion. |
b. Glucose can diffuse directly through a lipid bi-layer. |
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Ions or molecules tend to diffuse from a region where they are _____ (more/less) concentrated to another where they are _____ (more/less) concentrated. |
Ions or molecules tend to diffuse from a region where they are MORE concentrated to another where they are LESS concentrated. |
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_____ cannot diffuse directly across a lipid bi-layer. a. Water b. Gases c. Ions d. all of the above |
c. Ions |
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If you immerse a human red blood cell in a hypotonic solution, water will ______. a. diffuse INTO the cell b. diffuse OUT OF the cell c. show no net movement d. move in by endocytosis |
a. Diffuse INTO the cell |
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Fluid pressure against a wall or cell membrane is called _____. |
Turgor |
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A transport protein requires ATP to pump sodium ions across a membrane. This is a case of ______. |
Active transport |
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Vesicles are part of _____. a. endocytosis b. exocytosis c. phagocytosis d. all of the above |
d. All of the above |
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Match: REACTANT, PHAGOCYTOSIS, 1ST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS, PRODUCT, COFACTOR, CONCENTRATION GRADIENT, PASSIVE TRANSPORT, ACTIVE TRANSPORT, ATP, CYCLIC PATHWAY a. assists enzymes b. forms at reaction's end c. enters a reaction d. requires energy input e. one cell "eats" another f. energy cannot be created or destroyed g. basis of diffusion h. no energy input required i. goes in circles j. currency in a cell's energy economy |
REACTANT - (c) enters a reaction PHAGOCYTOSIS - (e) one cell "eats" another 1ST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS - (f) energy cannot be created or destroyed PRODUCT - (b) forms at reaction's end COFACTOR - (a) assists enzymes CONCENTRATION GRADIENT - (g) basis of diffusion PASSIVE TRANSPORT - (h) no energy input required ACTIVE TRANSPORT - (d) requires energy input ATP - (j) currency in a cell's energy economy CYCLIC PATHWAY - (i) goes in circles |
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Where does most of the carbon that land plants use for photosynthesis come from? |
The atmosphere |
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What do plants use as an energy source to drive photosynthesis? |
Sunlight |
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Which of the following statements is incorrect? a. Pigments absorb light of certain wavelengths only b. Many accessory pigments are multipurpose molecules c. Chlorophyll is green because it absorbs green light |
c. Chlorophyll is green because it absorbs green light |
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In the light-dependent reactions, _____. a. carbon dioxide is fixed b. ATP forms c. CO2 accepts electrons d. sugars form |
b. ATP forms |
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When a photosystem absorbs light, _____. a. sugar phosphates are produced b. electrons are transferred to ATP c. it ejects electrons |
c. it ejects electrons |
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Where do the atoms in the oxygen molecules released during photosynthesis come from? |
Water |
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When does the Calvin-Benson cycle start? |
When carbon is fixed |
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Closed stomata: a. limit gas exchange b. permit water loss c. restrict photosynthesis d. absorb light |
a. Limit gas exchange |
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True or False? "Plants make all of their ATP by photosynthesis." |
False |
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In the third stage of aerobic respiration, what is the final acceptor of electrons? |
O2 |
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In eukaryotes, where is the final reaction of aerobic respiration completed in? |
Mitochondria |
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In eukaryotes, where is the final reaction of fermentation completed in? |
Cytoplasm |
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What can your body cells break down as a source of energy to fuel ATP production? |
Fatty Acids Glycerol Amino Acids |
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Which of the following metabolic pathways requires molecular oxygen (O2)? a. aerobic respiration b. lactate fermentation c. alcoholic fermentation d. photosynthesis |
Aerobic respiration AND Photosynthesis |
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Match: PYRUVATE, ANAEROBIC, MITOCHONDRION, PIGMENT, CARBON DIOXIDE, RUBISCO, PHOTOSYNTHESIS a. no oxygen required b. converts light to chemical energy c. product of glycolysis d. aerobic respiration in eukaryotes e. carbon-fixing enzyme f. like an antenna g. big in the atmosphere |
PYRUVATE - (c) product of glycolysis ANAEROBIC - (a) no oxygen required MITOCHONDRION - (d) aerobic respiration in eukaryotes PIGMENT - (f) like an antenna CARBON DIOXIDE - (g) big in the atmosphere RUBISCO - (e) carbon-fixing enzyme PHOTOSYNTHESIS - (b) converts light to chemical energy |
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What is energy? |
The capacity to do work |
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What are some different forms of energy? |
Solar Chemical Kinetic Potential Activation |
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What is the first law of thermodynamics? |
Energy cannot be created or destroyed |
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What is the second law of thermodynamics? |
Energy tends to disperse spontaneously (entropy) |
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Why are enzymes necessary? |
Catalyst in metabolism They make chemical reactions proceed faster than the reactions would on their own They aren't used up during use |
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What is activation energy? |
Minimum amount of energy required to start a reaction |
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What factors influence enzyme activity? |
Extreme temperature PH Salt concentration Any condition that alters the Hydrogen bonds |
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What must you consume to help enzymes work? |
Coenzymes (vitamins) Cofactors (metals) |
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How do enzymes make ATP? |
Phosphorylation (making ATP from ADP) |
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What is an electron transfer chain? |
Series of enzymes and other molecules in a cell membrane that accept and give up electrons, thus releasing the energy of the electrons in steps |
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Name the different groups of eukaryotes. |
Protists Fungi Plants Animals |
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What is the scientific study of life?
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Biology |
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What is the sum of differences among living things called? |
Biodiversity |
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Name the different groups of prokaryotes. |
Bacteria Archaea |
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What's the difference between passive transport and active transport? |
Passive - requires no energy input Active - requires energy input |
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What are the three kinds of passive transport? |
Diffusion Facilitated diffusion Osmosis |
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What is the difference between diffusion and facilitated diffusion? |
Diffusion is spontaneous through the membrane Facilitated diffusion requires moving through the membrane through a transport protein |
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What is the difference between hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic relating to osmosis and turgor (like in red blood cells?) |
Hypotonic - plenty of water (bloated cell) Hypertonic - scarcity of water (shrunk cell) Isotonic - identical concentration of water |
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What are the kinds of active transport? |
Endocytosis (take in small amount of extracellular fluid) Exocytosis (secretion/excretion) Phagocytosis ("cell eating") |
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What are two reactions in photosynthesis? |
Light-Dependent Reactions - convert light energy to chemical energy (makes ATP and NADPH) Light-Independent Reactions - drive synthesis of glucose (enzyme reaction) |
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What wavelengths of visible light are used in a green plant?
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All EXCEPT for green |
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Where in the plant cell would you find chlorophyll needed to do photosynthesis? |
Chloroplasts (thylakoid membrane) |
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What is the Calvin-Benson cycle? |
Light-independent reaction of photosynthesis; cyclic carbon-fixing pathway that form sugars from CO₂ |
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What is photosynthesis? |
Process by which a producer uses light energy to make sugars from carbon dioxide and water |
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What are the two reactions in Photosynthesis? |
Light-dependent reactions Light-interdependent reactions |
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What's the input and output of light-dependent reactions? |
Input - ADP, NADP, H20, energy Output - ATP, NADPH, O2 |
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Where does the oxygen come from in light-dependent reactions? |
Water |
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Where in the plant cell does the Calvin-Benson cycle happen? |
In the stroma of the chloroplasts |
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What is rubisco? |
Enzyme that fixes carbon in the stroma |
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What is at the bottom of the electron transfer chain (what is the final electron acceptor)? |
NADP+ (coenzyme) |
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What is the final electron acceptor in the mitochondria? |
O₂ |
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What's the difference between C3 and C4 plants? |
C3 - uses only the Calvin-Benson cycle to fix carbon (hot wet conditions; lawn grass)
C4 - minimizes photorespiration by fixing carbon twice (extreme heat; weeds) |
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What is an example of a CAM plant? |
Stomata closed during the day; cactus |
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What are the three broad chemistries of animal cell respiration? Define them. |
Glycolysis (step 1) - glucose is broken down into pyruvate to get two ATP Krebs cycle (step 2) - pyruvates broken down to CO₂ through aerobic respiration (requires oxygen) to get two more ATP, eight NADH, and two FADH₂ Electron transfer phosphorylation (step 3) - NADHand FADH₂ deliver electrons to the inner mitochondrial membrane; O₂ accepts those electrons and H+, forming water |
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What is the difference between alcoholic fermentation and lactate fermentation?
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Alcoholic - breaks down sugar to produce ATP, CO₂, and ethanol Lactate - breaks down sugar to produce ATP and lactate (converts pyruvate to lactate) |
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How does fermentation make ATP? |
Glycolysis only (no kreb's cycle or electron transfer chain) |
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Is fermentation anaerobic or aerobic? |
Anaerobic (no oxygen needed) |
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In humans and other heterotrophic organisms, what are the chemicals needed for life? |
Water, vitamins and minerals in their “raw”form Simple sugars (from glycogen and starchbreakdown) Glycerol and fatty acids (from fat breakdown) Amino acids (from protein breakdown) Nucleic acids (from DNA and RNA breakdown) |
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Which statement below is consistent with the First Law of Thermodynamics? a. Energy cannot be eaten. b. Energy can be created and destroyed. c. The universe tends toward randomness. d. Energy can be neither created nor destroyed. e. Energy is not interconvertable. |
d. Energy can be neither created nor destroyed. |
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According to the Second Law of Thermodynamics, energy will ______ become more randomly distributed during a process. a. spontaneously. b. with an energy input. c. not. d. non-spontaneously. e. never. |
a. spontaneously. |
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Which of the following is an example of potential energy? a. a thrown baseball. b. a rock at the top of a hill. c. a moving train. d. the energy stored in glucose. e. a rock at the top of a hill and the energy stored in glucose. |
e. a rock at the top of a hill and the energy stored in glucose. |
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In what form do carbon atoms leave the Krebs cycle? |
CO₂ |
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What is the product of anaerobic respiration in animals? |
ATP and lactic acid |
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Where in chloroplasts are the photosynthetic pigments located? |
Thylakoids |
