Biology 100 Exam 3

Front 1

What determines the shape of a protein?

Back 1

The sequencing of amino acids

Front 2

why is protein shape important?

Back 2

Shape determines function

Front 3

definition of gene

Back 3

gene is a sequence of DNa that Codes for a specific trait

Front 4

definition of genotype

Back 4

Genotype is the genetic makeup of an organism.

Front 5

definition of phenotype

Back 5

Phenotype is the physical characteristics dependent on genotype

Front 6

definition of alleles

Back 6

Alleles are two or more alternative forms of a gene that arises from a genetic mutation

Front 7

difference between regulatory sequence of gene coding and coding sequence of gene

Back 7

regulatory Sequence is a Sequence that can increase or decrease the expression of a gene , a coding sequence of a gene is a portion of a gene that codes proteins

Front 8

what is gene therapy

Back 8

gene therapy is a way to replace malfunctioning genes with functional ones

Front 9

what are transgenic organisms

Back 9

species modified by scientists, by inserting genes from other species

Front 10

DNA v. RNA

Back 10

DNA: Strand of general material, basis for everything , RNA: codes Protein

Front 11

Transcription v. Translation

Back 11

Transcription: DNA to RNA, translation is RNA to protein

Front 12

Codon v. anti codon

Back 12

Codon: triplet (three) nucleotide buses on mRNA that code for amino acid, anticodon: Three tRNA nucleotide bases which are Complementary to MRNA

Front 13

what is genetic code

Back 13

genetic code: nucleotide triplets that carry genetic information

Front 14

what is cell cycle

Back 14

the series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication of its DNA (DNA replication) to produce two daughter cells.

Front 15

why is cell division important

Back 15

to replace and repair cells, also for growth

Front 16

what are the stages of cell cycle

Back 16

interphase, Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Front 17

definition of sister chromatids

Back 17

refers to either of the two identical copies (chromatids) formed by the replication of a single chromosome, with both copies joined together by a common centromere.

Front 18

definition of centromere

Back 18

the connection point in the center of the sister chromatids

Front 19

definition of apoptosis

Back 19

programmed cell death

Front 20

definition of cytokinesis

Back 20

Cytokinesis: band of protein goes between cell then Separates parent and daughter celIs

Front 21

what are cell cycle check points

Back 21

where proteins make sure that each stage in cell division is Performed correctly

Front 22

what is cancer

Back 22

Cancer is When a cell replicates without Stopping

Front 23

how do normal cells and cancer differ with respect to cell division

Back 23

normal cells Stop replicating in cell division whereas cancer cells are incorrectly replicating without stopping

Front 24

what are mutations

Back 24

a change in the nucleotide DNA

Front 25

how do mutations occur

Back 25

mutations occur randomly

Front 26

How does cancer develop and how can peoplereduce their risk?

Back 26

Cancer develops when the Stop mechanism for cell division no longer works reduce risk by not Smoking and avoiding risky behavior

Front 27

germ-line mutation v. somatic cell mutation

Back 27

Germ line mutation:Occur in in gametes, pass to offspring, Somatic cell mutation: a mutation in Somatic cells not passed to offspring

Front 28

mutagens v. carcinogens

Back 28

mutagen is: anything that causes mutation, Carcinogen: any chemical cancer causing agent that damages DNA

Front 29

proto-oncogenes v. tumor suppressor gene

Back 29

proto-oncogene: a gene that codes for a Protein that helps cells divide normally, tumor suppressor genes: gene that codes For proteins that monitors cell cycle progression game mutation stops normal function

Front 30

benign tumor v. malignant tumor

Back 30

benign tumor: noncancerous tumor will not Spread, malignant tumor: a cancerous tumor that Spreads through the body

Front 31

definition of diploid

Back 31

diploid: two copies of Same chromosome,

Front 32

definition of haploid

Back 32

Haploid: One copy of chromosome

Front 33

definition of homologous chromosomes

Back 33

homologue chromosomes: pairs of Chromosomes identical in Shape and Structure

Front 34

definition of gametes

Back 34

gametes: haploid cells created from germ lines

Front 35

definition of zygote

Back 35

zygote : a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes; a fertilized ovum.

Front 36

definition of carrier

Back 36

Carrier: heterozygote Which carries the recessive defective allele

Front 37

How does sexual reproduction and meiosiscreate genetically diverse organisms?

Back 37

sexual the production: genetically diverse offspring be cause of crossing over, resulting in recombinants. independent assortment, random combination of Sperm and egg, mutation

Front 38

meiosis I v. meiosis II

Back 38

meiosis I: results in two diploid cells, meiosis II results in four haploid cells

Front 39

Dominant allele v. Recessive allele

Back 39

Dominant allele: needs just one dominant to be shown, Recessive allele: need both recessive to be shown

Front 40

Heterozygous v. homozygous

Back 40

heterozygous: two different alleles (one dominant one recessive), homozygous: two of the same (recessive and recessive or dominant and dominant)

Front 41

definition of non-disjunction

Back 41

failure of chromosomes to separate properly

Front 42

definition of aneuploidy

Back 42

Aneuploidy: an abnormal number of one or more chromosomes

Front 43

recombination and independent assortment

Back 43

recombination: crossing over, independent assortment: alleles of different genes will randomize