Fundamental Concepts Pf Biology( Set 3)

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Cell cycle

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Is a sequence of events that make up the life of a typical eukaryotic cell from the moment of its origin to the time it divides to produce two daughter cells.

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Mitosis

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The first step of mitotic division. refers to the division of the nucleus

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Meiosis

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A specialized type of cell division that kicks off sexual reproduction.

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G1phase

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Is the first phase in the life of a newborn cell

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S - Phase

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S stands for synthesis a critical event in S phase is copying replication of all cells DNA molecules which contain organism genetic information

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G2 phase

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Occurs after S phase but before the start of cell division

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G o Phase

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Can last for a period ranging from a few days to a lifetime of the organism.

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Interphase

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Is the longest stage of the cell cycle most cells spend 90% or more of their life span in interphase.

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Mitosis

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Refers to the division of the nucleus. Mitosis is divided into four main phases prophase metaphase anaphase and telophase.

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Cytokinesis

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DNA has been divided in two months half of it to each of the parent cell cytoplasma is divided by this process.

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Haploid or " 1n"

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Is the single set possessed by gametes.

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Diploid or 2n

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The double set of genetic information possessed by somatic cells is known as this.

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Somatic cells

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None sex cells

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Fertilization

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The fusion of two gametes result in a single cell call zygote

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Zygote

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Inherits a haploid set of chromosomes from each of the gametes restoring the complete the diploid set of genetic information to the offspring.

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Crossing over

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The name given to the physical exchange of chromosomal segments doing meiosis I between nonsister chromatids in - paired up homologous chromosomes.

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Independent assortment

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Random distribution of the HomoLogus chromosomes into daughter cells during meiosis I

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Meiosis I

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Reduces the chromosome set by separating each homologous pair into two different daughter cells.

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Gametes

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Meiosis is critical for sexual reproduction in animals the product of meiosis for sex cells called this.

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What is the one thing that can cause mutation

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Crossing Over

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Homologous/chromosomes

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Consist of one chromosome in the zygote consist of one chromosome received from father and one from mother

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Sister chromatids

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One of the main objectives of mitosis is to separate these chromatids pulling them apart at the centromere and delivering one each to the opposite ends of the parent cells

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Gene

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Is the basic unit of information affecting a genetic trait

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Allele

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Different versions of a given gene for genetic traits. Arise from mutation.

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Genotype

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The genetic makeup of an individual: more specifically the two alleles of a given gene that affects a specific genetic trait in a given individual. Ex: Genetic Makeup

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Phenotype

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The specific version of a genetic trait that are displayed by a given individual. Ex: Physical Expression of their genetic makeup.

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Genetic cross or Mendelian cross

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Is a controlled mating experiment or form to examine how he particular trait may be inherited

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Punnett square

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Shows all possible ways that to alleles can be brought together through fertilization

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Law of segregation

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States that two allele of a gene are separated during meiosis.

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Law of independent assortment

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This law states that when gametes form, two copies ( alleles) of any given gene segregate during meiosis independently of any two alleles of other genes.

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Polygenic Traits

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Most traits of governed by the action of more than one gene

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Pleiotropy Traits

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A single gene influences a number of different traits

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Codominance

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When the effect of two alleles is equally visible in the phenotype of their heterozygote

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Incomplete dominance

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In which neither allele is able to exert its full effect, so a heterozygote displays an intermediate phenotype.

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Dominant Allele Traits

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The allele that controls the phenotype when paired with a different allele in a heterozygote individual.

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Recessive allele trait

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An allele that does not affect the phenotype when paired with a dominant allele in a heterozygote.

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Homozygote

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An individual that carries two copies of the same allele.

Ex: AA, aa, or II.

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Chromosomal abnormality

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Any change in a chromosome number or structure compared to what is typical for a species

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Dominant genetic disorder

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A genetic disorder that is inherited as a dominant trait autosome.

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Eukaryote

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Any of one of the two major groups of living organisms. Animals plants fungi and protists are all eukaryotes.

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Prokaryotic Genome

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Any a one of the two major groups of living organisms. Only bacteria and archaeans are prokaryotes.

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Punnett Square

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A grid light diagram showing all possible ways the two alleles can be brought together through fertilization.

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Recessive genetic disorder

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A genetic disorder that is inherited as a recessive trait on an autosome .

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Sex chromosome

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One of the Two chromosomes (X and Y )that determine gender.

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Autosome chromosomes

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Any chromosome that is not one of the sex chromosomes.

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How many chromosomes in a human body

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20,000 human genes

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How many sex chromosomes are there

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There are 1240

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How many chromosomes are on the X chromosome

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Approximately 1180 of those on that chromosome

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Y - chromosome consist of how many chromosomes

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About 60 chromosomes sit here

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Locus

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The physical location of a gene on chromosome is called this.

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Autosomes chromosomes are Labeled

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One through 22

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Humans have how many pairs of Homologous chromosomes

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23 pairs for a total of 46. 1 set from each parent.

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Genetic carriers

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An individual who has a recessive allele copy can pass on a disorder but not have the disease.

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Deletion mutation

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when a base is deleted from the DNA sequence of a gene

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Insertion mutation

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A mutation in which a base is inserted into DNA sequence of a gene.

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Mendelian Trait

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A trait that is controlled by a single gene and unaffected by environmental conditions.

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Mutation

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A change to the sequence of bases in organism's DNA .

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Polymerase chain reaction ( PCR)

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A technique for replicating DNA that can produce millions of copies of a DNA sequence in just a few hours from a small initial amount of DNA.

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Point mutation

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Mutation in which only a single base is altered

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Substitution mutation

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A mutation in which one base is substituted for another in the DNA sequence of a gene.

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DNA Polymerase

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A key enzyme in the replication of DNA- build the two new strands of DNA.

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Horizontal gene transfer

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To rapidly spread new alleles to each other.

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Gene expression

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The process by which genes are transcribed into RNA and then translated to make proteins.

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Gamete

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A sex cell. Male gametes are sperm. Female gametes are eggs.

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Genetic code

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The information specified by each of the 64 possible codons.

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Ribosomes

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The site of protein synthesis translation in the cytoplasm. Ribosomes are embedded in the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

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Translation codons

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The process by which ribosomes convert the information in mRNA into proteins.

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Transcription of the gene

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The synthesis of RNA based on a DNA template.

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Start codon

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The codon on AUG; the point on an mRNA strand at which the ribosomes begin translation.

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Stop codon

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The codon UAA , UAG or UGA; the point on an mRNA strand at which the ribosomes end translation.

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Transfer RNA ( tRNA )

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A type of RNA that facilitates translation by delivering specific amino acids to the ribosomes as codons are read off of an mRNA.

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Ribsomal RNA (rRNA)

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A type of RNA that is an important component of ribosomes.

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Messenger RNA (mRNA)

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A strand of RNA that is complementary to a DNA template strand.

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Promoter

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A segment of DNA near the beginning of a gene that RNA Polymerase reorganize and binds to begin transcription.

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Anticodon

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A sequence of three nitrogenous bases at one end of a tRNA molecule that binds the corresponding codon on an mRNA molecule.

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Codon

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A unique sequence of three mRNA bases that either specifies a particular amino acid doing translation or signals ribosomes where to start or stop translation

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Gene regulation

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The changing of which genes are expressed in response to internal signals or external cues that allows organisms to adapt to their surroundings by producing different proteins as needed.

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GO phase

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And nondividing stage of the cell.

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G1 phase or "Gap 1"

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The first phase in the life of a newborn cell.

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G1 phase or "Gap 1"

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The first phase in the life of a newborn cell.

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G2 phase or "Gap 2"

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The phase of the cell cycle between S phase and cell division.

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G1 phase or "Gap 1"

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The first phase in the life of a newborn cell.

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G2 phase or "Gap 2"

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The phase of the cell cycle between S phase and cell division.

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Cell division Also called M ( mitotic ) phase

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The final stage of the cell cycle. Cell division includes the transfer of DNA from the parent cell to the daughter cells.

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Heterozygote

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An individual who is genotype consist of two different alleles for a given phenotype for that gene. Ex: ( Bb)