Biol 224 Exam 3- Endocrine System

Front 1

If a person were dehydrated, how would the amount of ADH released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary change?

Back 1

ADH release would increase so that your kidneys would take less water and make less urine, the body would keep more water

Front 2

A blood sample contains elevated levels of somatomedins. Which pituitary hormone would you expect to be elevated as well?

Back 2

Growth hormone causes the liver to release somatomedins so you'd expect higher concentrations of GH

Front 3

What effect would elevated circulating levels of cortisol, a steroid hormone from the adrenal cortex, have on the pituitary secretion of ACTH?

Back 3

elevated cortisol would inhibit the release of ACTH so there would be decreased secretion, this is negative feedback

Front 4

What symptoms would you expect to see in an individual whose diet lacks iodine?

Back 4

levels of thyroid hormones would decrease, so they might be overweight, lethargic, and have low body temperature due to poor energy use

Front 5

When a person's thyroid gland is removed, signs of decreased thyroid hormone concentration do not appear until about one week later. Why?

Back 5

the bloodstream has a large reserve of thyroid hormones bound to transport proteins

Front 6

The removal of the parathyroid glands would result in a decrease in the blood concentration of which important mineral?

Back 6

calcium

Front 7

What effect would elevated cortisol levels have on the level of glucose in the blood?

Back 7

increase the level of glucose in the blood because cortisol decreases cellular use of glucose and promotes breakdown of glycogen

Front 8

Why does a person with type 1 or 2 diabetes urinate frequently and have a pronounced thirst?

Back 8

they have high levels of glucose so the kidneys can't reabsorb it all, some is excreted in urine, higher urine glucose keeps the water from being reabsorbed so urine volume increases, this reduces blood volume and elevates blood osmotic pressure causing thirst

Front 9

What effect would increased levels of glucagon have on the amount of glycogen stored in the liver?

Back 9

glucagon stimulates glycogen breakdown into glucose, so increased glucagon would result in decreased glycogen amounts

Front 10

Increased amounts of light would inhibit the production of which hormone?

Back 10

the production and release of melatonin from the pineal gland would be inhibited because it receives neural input from the optic tracts, melatonin secretion is influenced by light-dark cycles

Front 11

The use of a chemical messenger to transfer information from cell to cell within a single tissue is referred to as ___ communication.

Back 11

paracrine

Front 12

Cyclic-AMP functions as a second messenger to

Back 12

open ion channels and activate key enzymes in the cytoplasm

Front 13

Adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH stimulates the release of

Back 13

steroid hormones from the adrenal glands

Front 14

FSH production in males supports

Back 14

the maturation of sperm by stimulating sustentacular cells

Front 15

The two hormones released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland are

Back 15

ADH and oxytocin

Front 16

All of the following are true of the endocrine system EXCEPT

Back 16

produces rapid, local, brief-duration responses to specific stimuli

Front 17

A cell's hormonal sensitivities are determined by the

Back 17

presence or absence of appropriate receptors

Front 18

Endocrine organs can be regulated by all of the following EXCEPT

Back 18

changes in the genetic makeup of certain hypothalamic cells

Front 19

When stimulated by a specific hormone there is a marked increase in the activity of G proteins in the membrane. The hormone being studied is probably

Back 19

a peptide, catecholamine, or eicosanoid but NOT a steroid or thyroid hormone (they don't use 2nd messengers)

Front 20

Increased blood calcium levels would result in increased

Back 20

secretion of calcitonin which would decrease blood calcium levels to restore homeostasis

Front 21

In type 2 diabetes mellitus, insulin levels are frequently normal, yet the target cells are less sensitive to the effects of insulin. This suggests that the target cells

Back 21

may lack enough insulin receptors

Front 22

Which 7 hormones are released by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

Back 22

follicle-stimulating hormone
luteinizing hormone
adrenocorticotropic hormone
thyroid-stimulating hormone
prolactin
growth hormone
melanocyte-stimulating hormone

Front 23

What five primary effects result from the action of thyroid hormones?

Back 23

1-increase of rate of energy production and utilization by cells
2-an acceleration in sodium-potassium ATPase production
3-activation of genes coding for glycolysis and energy production enzymes
4-acceleration of ATP production by mitochondria
5-normal development of skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems in children

Front 24

What effects to calcitonin and parathyroid hormone have on blood calcium levels?

Back 24

calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels
parathyroid hormone raises blood calcium levels

Front 25

What is the primary difference in the way the nervous and endocrine systems communicate with their target cells?

Back 25

in the nervous system the effects of communication are specific and short-lived while in the endocrine system the effects are more widespread and longer lasting

Front 26

How can a hormone modify the activities of its target cells?

Back 26

-direct the synthesis of an enzyme or other protein not already present in the cell
-turn an existing enzyme on or off
-increase the rate of synthesis of an enzyme or other protein

Front 27

What is an endocrine reflex? Compare endocrine and neural reflexes?

Back 27

like neural reflexes, a stimulus triggers the production of a hormone, usually conrolled by negative feedback

Front 28

How does the control of the adrenal medulla differ from the control of the adrenal cortex?

Back 28

the adrenal medulla is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system and the cortex is controlled by ACTH released by the anterior pituitary

Front 29

Roger is really thirsty and has to pee a lot. What are 2 disorders that could produce these symptoms? What test could be performed to diagnose him?

Back 29

both diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus, glucose levels in the blood could be measured and if they were high it would indicate diabetes mellitus

Front 30

Julie is pregnant and has no prenatal care. She eats badly and has no milk. How would her parathyroid hormone levels be?

Back 30

They would be high because the parathyroid hormone would be working to increase blood calcium levels as her baby uses up calcium.

Front 31

Sherry is restless and irritable. She can't sleep and has diarrhea and has lost weight. She has a high heart rate and a tremble. What tests could be used to diagnose her?

Back 31

She might have hyperthyroidism. Her TSH, T3, and T4 levels could be tested.

Front 32

What are 2 benefits of having a portal system connect the median eminence of the hypothalamus with the anterior pituitary gland?

Back 32

-ensures the hormones will be delivered directly to the target cells
-the hormones are not diluted in the circulatory system before they get there so the hypothalamus can secrete lower amounts of each hormone