Endocrine System

Front 1

Endocrinology

Back 1

study of the biological effects of hormones released by endocrine glands and the diseases caused by their dysfunction

Front 2

Endocrine glands

Back 2

ductless glands that release chemical regulators called hormonesdirectly into extracellular fluid

Front 3

major endocrine glands

Back 3

-pineal glands
-hypothalamus
-pituitary glands
-thyroid gland
-parathyroid glands
-thymus gland
-adrenal glands
-pancreas
-ovaries
-testes

Front 4

Release of hormones

Back 4

-hormones are released in response to homeostatic imbalances referred to as stimuli

-hormones work via negative feedback to maintain homeostasis: the biological effects of hormones negate/eliminate the stimuli that caused the release of the hormones

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Humoral Stimuli

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-changes in the levels of chemicals in the body's humor's(bodily fluids) stimulate the endocrine glands to release hormones

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Neural stimuli

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-activation of the nervous system stimulates the endocrine gland to release hormones

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Hormonal stimuli

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-released hormones stimulate endocrine glands to release other hormones

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Hormone nomenclature

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named based on:
-organ of origin: the endocrine gland releasing the hormone

-function: the major biological effect of the hormone

-chemical structure: unique feature of the chemical structure

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3 chemical structures of hormones

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-biogenic amine hormones - hormones derived from amino acid tyrosine(usually polar)

-peptide/protein/glycoprotein hormones - hormones composed of a sequence of amino acids(polar)

-steroid hormones - hormones derived from cholesterol(non polar)

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Hormone targets

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-express accessible, functional receptors that hormone can bind to

-a cell can act as a target for several hormones

-a target cell can be bound to more than one hormone simultaneously

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Hypothalamus/pituitary relationship

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-pituitary gland located below hypothalamus and connect via infundibulum, connected neurally and vascularly

hormones are released from hypothalamus to the pituitary gland fro distribtuion throughout body

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Growth hormone

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secreted by: anterior pituitary lobe
function: stimulate somatic growth
hyposecretion: dwarfism in children
hypersecretion: gigantism in children

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Thyroid-stimulating hormone

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secreted by: anterior pituitary lobe
function: stimulates thryoid gland to release thyroid hormones
hyposecretion: cretinism in children
hypersecretion: hyperthyroidism

Front 14

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Back 14

secreted by: anterior pituitary lobe
function: promote release of androgens
hypersecretion: cushing's disease

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Follicle-stimulating hormone

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secreted by: anterior pituitary lobe
function: stimulates sperm production
hyposecretion: failure of sexual maturation

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Luteinizing hormone

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secreted by: anterior pituitary lobe
function: promote testosterone production
hyposecretion: failure of sexual maturation

Front 17

Prolactin

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secreted by: anterior pituitary lobe
function: promotes lactation
hyposecretion: poor milk production
hypersecretion: impotence in men

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Oxytocin

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secreted by: posterior pituitary lobe
function: initiates labor

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Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)

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secreted by: posterior pituitary lobe
function: stimulates kidney tubules to reabsorb water
hyposecretion: diabetes insipidus
hypersecretion: syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion

Front 20

Thyroid hormone

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secreted by: thyroid gland
function: temperature regulation
hyposecretion: decreased body temp, cold intolerance
hypersecretion: increased body temp, heat intolerance

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Parathyroid hormone

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secreted by: Parathyroid glands
function: controlling blood calcium balance
hyposecretion: hypocalcemia
hypersecretion: calcium leached from bones - bones soften and deform

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Mineralocorticoids

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secreted by: adrenal glands
function: rise in blood volume and pressure
hyposecretion: Addison's disease
hypersecretion: Aldosteronism

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Glucocorticoids

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secreted by: adrenal glands
function: stimulate protein catabolism
hyposecretion: Addison's disease
hypersecretion: cushing's disease

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Gonadocorticoids

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secreted by: adrenal glands
function: female libido
hypersecretion: virilization of females

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Catecholamines

Back 25

secreted by: adrenal glands
function: increase heart rate
hypersecretion: hypertension