Biol 224 Exam 2-Respiratory

Front 1

Why is the vascularization of the nasal cavity important?

Back 1

the increased blood supply in the nasal cavity warms and moisturizes air as it passes into the respiratory system

Front 2

When the tension in your vocal fols increases, what happens to the pitch of your voice?

Back 2

the pitch gets higher

Front 3

Why is the lining of the nasopharynx different from that of the oropharynx and the laryngopharynx?

Back 3

the nasopharynx only receives air, the other 2 receive food so they need more protection from abrasion and chemical wear

Front 4

Why are the cartilages that reinforce the trachea C-shaped?

Back 4

they are C-shaped to allow room for esophogeal expansion (large pieces of food or volumes of water)

Front 5

What would happen to the alveoli if surfactant were not produced?

Back 5

they would collapse because of surface tension, surfactant decreases surface tension

Front 6

What path does air take in flowing from the glottis to the respiratory membrane?

Back 6

larynx, trachea, pimary bronchus, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchiole, respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveolar sac, alveolus and respiratory membrane

Front 7

Which arteries supply blood to the conducting portions and respiratory exchange surfaces of the lungs?

Back 7

conducting-external carotids, thyrocervial trunks, bronchial arteries
exchange surfaces-pulmonary arteries

Front 8

List the functions of the pleura. What does it secrete?

Back 8

secrete pleural fluid, prevents friction during breathing

Front 9

Puncturing the left side of the lung will cause what?

Back 9

lung could collapse because of air getting into the cavity (pneumothorax)

Front 10

In pneumonia, fluid accmulation in the alveoli would affect vital capacity. How?

Back 10

it would decrease

Front 11

Surfactant

Back 11

helps prevent the alveoli from collapsing

Front 12

Air moves into the lungs because

Back 12

the gas pressure in the lungs is less than atmospheric pressure

Front 13

When the diaphragm and externam intercostal muscles contract

Back 13

intrapleural pressure decreases

Front 14

Why would breathing dry air all night cause a stuffy nose in the morning?

Back 14

water leaves the mucus to moisturize the air as it goes into the lungs, leaving mucus dry and congesting the nasal cavity

Front 15

Which structures are in the upper vs lower respiratory system?

Back 15

upper-nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and phaynx
lower-larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli of lungs

Front 16

What are the 3 basic steps of external respiration?

Back 16

1-pulmonary ventilation (breathing)
2-gas diffusion across respiratory membrane
3-storage and trasnport of 02 and c02

Front 17

Why is breathing through the nasal cavity more desirable than breathing through the mouth?

Back 17

nasal cavity warms, cleanses, and moistens air while the mouth does not

Front 18

Why are bronchioles sometimes compared to arterioles?

Back 18

smooth muscle tissue walls
dilation & constriction affects amount and distribution of air/blood

Front 19

How are septal cells involved with keeping the alveoli from collapsing?

Back 19

they secrete surfactant which reduces surface tension

Front 20

Why does Hb release more O2 when skeletal muscles are active vs when they are at rest?

Back 20

active muscles create more heat and acidic wastes which causes low pH, more heat and lower pH causes Hb to drop off more O2

Front 21

How would blockage of the trachea affect blood pH?

Back 21

more CO2 in the blood causes more H ions, lowering pH

Front 22

What is different in fetal Hb than maternal Hb?

Back 22

fetal Hb has higher affinity for O2, and binds more O2 than maternal Hb

Front 23

By what 3 mechanisms is CO2 transported in the blood stream?

Back 23

formation of bicarbonate by conversion to carbonic acid
binds to Hb
dissolves in plasma

Front 24

The process of internal respiration does NOT involve

Back 24

hemoglobin binding more O2(that is part of external respiration)

Front 25

Gas exchange at the respiratory membrane is efficient because

Back 25

partial pressure differences
gases are lipid soluble
AND
total surface area is large

Front 26

Primary bronchi blockage would do what to the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve?

Back 26

Move it to the right-more CO2 would cause lower pH, which lowers percent of Hb saturation

Front 27

An umbilical cord blood sample with high O2 and low CO2 levels came from an umbilical artery or vein?

Back 27

vein-umbilical veins carry O2 rich blood from mom to fetus

Front 28

What effect does exciting the pneumotaxic centers have on respiration?

Back 28

pneumotaxic centers inhibit inspiratory center and apneustic center- stimulation would result in shorter breaths and a more rapid rate of breathing

Front 29

Are peripheral chemoreceptors as sensitive to levels of CO2 as they are to levels of O2?

Back 29

more sensitive to CO2 levels

Front 30

What happens if you try to hold your breath until you die?

Back 30

CO2 levels increase, stimulates inspiratory center, forces you to breath again

Front 31

What happens during birth to a baby's cardiovascular system?

Back 31

lungs expand, pulmonary vessels dilate, blood starts flowing through the pulmonary circuit

Front 32

An increase in the CO2 partial pressure in arterial blood causes chemoreceptors to stimulate the respiratory centers, resulting in

Back 32

an increased respiratory rate

Front 33

What is the functional difference between the dorsal respiratory group DRG and ventral respiratory group VRG of the medulla oblongata?

Back 33

DRG- affects diaphragm and external intercostals, active during EVERY breathing cycle (quiet or forced)
VRG-only during forced, active exhalation and maximal inhalation (accessory respiratory muscles)

Front 34

Why would someone with emphysema stop breathing if given pure oxygen?

Back 34

their constantly high CO2 levels cause the chemoreceptors to become used to it and rely on O2 levels to control breathing rates, pure O2 caused them to send out fewer "breath" signals

Front 35

Why would someone who hyperventilated then jumped into a pool pass out?

Back 35

hyperventilation causes low CO2, which increases pH, which causes peripheral vasodilation (less venous return to the heart), causes lower cardiac output, lower O2 to the brain

Front 36

Why doesn't anemia affect breathing rates?

Back 36

anemia only affecs Hb and oxygen transportation, as long as CO2 levels are okay your system doesn't change