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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Why is venipuncture a common technique for obtaining a blood sample?
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Venipuncture is common because the superficial veins are easy to fine, the walls of veins are thinner than those of arteries, and the blood pressure is lower so the wound heals more quickly.
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What would be the effects of a decrease in the amount of plasma proteins?
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Decrease in plasma proteins will cause
-decrease in plasma osmotic pressure -the ability to fight infection -the transport and binding of some ions, hormones, etc. |
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Which plasma protein would you expect to be elevated during a viral infection?
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immunoglobulins (antibodies)
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How would the hematocrit change after an individual suffered a significant blood loss?
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it would be lower
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Dave develops a blockage in his renal arteries that restricts blood flow to the kidneys. Will his hematrocrit change?
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It would trigger the release of erythropoietin... leads to increase in erythropoiesis (red blood cell formation)... the hematocrit will increase
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How would the level of bilirubin in the blood be affected by a disease that causes damage to the liver?
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The liver wouldn't be able to process bilirubin for excretion as efficiently, so bilirubin would accumulate in the blood producing jaundice.
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The formed elements of the blood include...
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WBCs, RBCs, and platelets
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Blood temperature is approximately __ and blood pH averages__
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38 degrees celcius, 7.4
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Plasma contributes approximately __ percent of the volume of whole blood, and water accounts for __ percent of the plasma volume
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55. 92
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Serum is
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plasma minus fibrinogen
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A hemoglobin molecule is composed of
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four protein chains and four heme groups
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What 5 major functions are performed by blood?
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1-transport of dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, and wastes
2-regulation of pH and ion concentration in interstitial fluids 3-restriction of fluid losses at injury sites 4-defense against toxins and pathogens 5-stabilization of body temperature |
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What are the 3 classes of plasma proteins and what are their major functions?
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1-albumins-osmotic pressure, transport of fatty acids
2-globulins-immunoglobulins, transport 3-fibrinogen-clotting |
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What four conditions cause the release of erythropoietin?
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1-during anemia
2-when blood flow to the kidneys declines 3-when o2 content in the air in lungs declines 4-when the respiratory surfaces of the lungs are damaged |
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Dehydration would cause
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an increase in the hematocrit
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How does erythropoietin stimulate RBC formation?
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increases erythroblast cell division, accelerates hemoglobin synthesis, and speeds up the rate of RBC maturation
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Bilirubin is formed from
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heme
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What is the role of blood in the stabilization and maintenance of body temperature?
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absorbs and redistributes heat (absorbed from skeletal muscles)
-too hot-vessels dilate and take blood to skin to release heat -too cold-vessels constrict and restrict flow to skin to preserve heat |
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Describe the structure of hemoglobin. How does it relate to its function?
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Protein with quaternary structure. Iron in the center of each of the four proteins. The iron is what picks up and releases the o2 molecules.
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Why would an enlarged spleen (from having mono) cause pale complexion, a tired feeling, and lack of energy?
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The spleen destroys old and damaged RBCs, so if it was enlarged it could destroy more and would cause anemia. Less o2 to the tissues would cause tiredness and lack of energy. Less RBCs in the blood stream would cause the pale coloration.
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Why would vitamin B12 injections be necessary if someone had most of their stomach removed due to cancer?
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Stomach cells release intrinsic factor, which allows B12 to be absorbed, so without it the B12 needs to be injected. Lack of B12 causes pernicious anemia.
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What are surface antigens on RBCs?
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glycolipids in the cell membrane (help identify the cell)
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Which type of blood(s) can be transfused into a person with Type O blood?
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only Type O
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Why can't a person with Type A blood receive Type B blood?
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The red blood cells will clump (agglutinate) and could block the blood flow to organs and tissues. They clump because the person's B antibodies attack the Type B RBCs
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Which type of white blood cell would you find in the greatest numbers in an infected cut?
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neutrophils, first on the site of injury, phagocytic WBCs that specialize in dealing with infectious bacteria
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Which type of cell would you find in elevated numbers in a person who is producing large amounts of circulating antibodies to combat a virus?
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B lymphocytes, they make antibodies
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How do basophils respond during inflammation?
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they release histamine (dilates blood vessels) and heparin (prevents clotting), promotes more inflammation & attracts other WBCs
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Stem cells responsible for lymphopoiesis are located in the
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-thymus & spleen
-lymph nodes AND -red bone marrow |
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What 4 characteristics of WBCs are important to their response to tissue invasion or injury?
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1-amoeboid movement
2-emigration (squeeze through endothelial cells in capillary walls) 3-positive chemotaxis 4-phagocytosis (neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes) |
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Which kinds of WBCs contribute to the body's nonspecific defenses?
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-neutrophils
-basophils -eosinophils -monocytes |
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Which three classes of lymphocytes are the primary cells of the lymphatic system? What are the functions of each class?
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-B cells-humoral immunity, produces antibodies
-T cells- cell-medicated immunity, attack cells with specific markers -NK cells-immune surveillance (abnormal tissues, cancer) |
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What are the three functions of platelets during the clotting process?
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1-transport of chemicals important to clotting
2-formation of temporary patch 3-active contraction after the clot has formed |
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A difference between the A, B, and O blood types and the Rh factor is
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individuals who are Rh- do not carry agglutinins to Rh factor unless they have been previously sensitized
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How do red blood cells differ from white blood cells in both form and function?
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RBCs are biconcave dics w/ out mitochondria, ribosomes, and nuclei, they contain a lot of hemoglobin. They transport o2 while WBCs are involved in immunity
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How does blood defend against toxins and pathogens in the body?
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WBCs defend against toxins and pathogens, neutrophils eosinophils and monocytes engulf stuff, lymphocytes attack and destroy specific foreign cells, proteins, or cancerous cells directly or through the production of antibodies
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List the steps of hemostasis
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Vascular phase (vascular spasm)
Platelet phase (adhesion) Coagulation phase (clot formation) Retraction (pull edges together) Fibrinolsis (breakdown) |
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-- and -- affect almost every aspect of the clotting process
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calcium and vitamin k
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Why is aspirin sometimes prescribed for the prevention of vascular problems?
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aspirin inhibits platelet enzymes (inhibits clotting)
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Why would taking broad spectrum antibiotics produce frequent nosebleeds? (have of our vitamin K is produced by bacteria in the intestines)
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less vitamin k for the liver to produce prothrombin that is vital to the common pathway, daily inujuries like breaks in the nose capillaries don't seal off as quickly, causing nosebleeds
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Damage to the semilunar valve on the right side of the heart would affect blood flow to which vessel?
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pulmonary artery
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What prevents the AV valves from opening back into the atria?
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the chordae tendineae attach to papillary muscles, which contract to hold the flaps and keep them from flapping into the atria
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Why is the left ventricle more muscular than the right ventricle?
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it works harder to send the blood to the whole body (systemic circuit) vs just to the lungs
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The heart lies in the
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medistinum
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The fibrous skeleton of the heart has which two of the following functions?
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-physically isolate the muscle fibers of the atria from those of the ventricles
-maintain the normal shape of the heart |
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What role do the chordae tendineae and the papillary muscles have in AV function?
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They keep the valves from flapping back into the atria, prevent backflow of blood
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What are the 3 layers of the heart wall?
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-Endocardium inner lining of the heart (squamous epithelium)
-Myocardium muscular wall -Visceral pericardium (epicardium) covers outer surface |
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What are the heart valves and what are their functions?
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-Right and left AV valves (tricuspid and bicuspid) allow blood to go from atria to ventricles and prevent backflow
-Pulmonary valve right ventricle to pulmonary artery and prevents backflow -Aortic valve left ventricle to aorta and prevents backflow |
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If the cells of the SA node failed to function, how would the heart rate be affected?
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The VA node would take over, but it is slower so the heart rate would decrease
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Why is it important for impulses from the atria to be delated at the AV node before they pass into the ventricles?
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There needs to be time for the ventricles to receive the blood from atrial contraction before the ventricles contract. That would lower efficiency of the heart.
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Is the heart always pumping blood when pressure in the left ventricle is rising?
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No, because at first the ventricles are contracting and building pressure but the valves are all still closed. When the pressure inside the ventricles gets to be greater than the pressure outside in the arteries, the valves open and blood is pumped.
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What factor(s) could cause an increase in the size of the QRS complex of an electrocardiogram recording?
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Increase in QRS means larger amount of electricity during ventricular depolarization. This could be caused by and increase in heart size, more cardiac muscle = more electricity
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During diastole, a chamber of the heart
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relaxes and fills with blood
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Trace the pathway of an electrical impulse through the heart
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SA node
internodal pathways AV node AV bundle bundle branches Purkinje fibers |
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What is the cardiac cycle? What phases and events are necessary to complete the cardiac cycle?
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Complete heartbeat, includes both contractions and relaxations of atria and ventricles.
1-atrial systole-contracts and pushes blood into ventricles 2-ventricular systole-w/atrial diastole, pushes blood through semilunar valves 3-ventricular diastole-relaxation (both atria and ventricles) |
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Describe the function of the SA node in the cardiac cycle. How does this differ from the function of the AV node?
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The SA node is the pacemaker, it sets the heart rate and generates impulses. These pass down to the AV node, which just delays then conducts them to the ventricles.
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What are the source and significance of heart sounds?
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S1-AV valves closing, semilunar valves opening, just before ventricle contraction
S2-semilunar valves close, beginning of ventricle filling S3-atrial filling S4-atrial contraction |
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A heart murmur in the left ventricle that makes a gurgle sound at the beginning of systole. Which valve has a problem?
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the left AV valve (bicuspid)
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Why is it a potential problem if the heart beats too rapidly?
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not enough filling time, less blood can go out with ventricle contraction, less efficiency
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What effect would stimulating the ACh recptors of the heart have on cadiac output?
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ACh would cause the CO to decrease because CO=SV times HR and ACh decreases HR
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What effect would an increase in venous return have on the stroke volume?
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it would increase it because the blood would stretch the muscle, more stretching=more forceful contraction, more blood ejected
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How would an increase in sympathetic stimulation of the heart affect the end-systolic volume?
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more sypmathetic would cause an increased HR and increased force of contraction, more blood would be ejected so the ESV would be lower
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Joe's ESV is 40mL and his EDV is 125 mL, what is his SV?
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SV=EDV-ESV, so SV is 85 mL
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Differentiate between stroke volume and cardiac output. How is CO calculated?
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Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped out in a contraction (EDV-ESV) and cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped out in a minute (HR times SV)
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What factors influence cardiac output?
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stroke volume and heart rate
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What effect does sympathetic stimulation have on the heart? What effect does parasympathetic stimulation have?
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Sympathetic= NE release by fibers and NE and E release by adrenal medullae, stimulate cardiac muscle metabolism, increase force of contraction, also depolarize nodal cells which increases HR
Parasympathetic- release of ACh at surfaces, hyperpolarization and inhibition, decrease in heart rate and force of cardiac contractions |
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A cross section of tissue shows several small, thin-walled vessels with very little smooth muscle tissue in the tunica media. Which type of vessel are these?
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Veins. Arteries and arterioles have thick, muscular tunica medias
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Why are valves located in veins, but not in arteries?
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because veins have very low blood pressure and need the valves to prevent backflow when pressure drops, arteries have blood pressure that pushes the blood to the capillaries
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In a healthy individual, where is blood pressure greater, at the aorta or the inferior vena cava?
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the aorta, because blood moves from high pressure (aorta) to low pressure (capillaries), if the vena cava was high pressure the blood would backflow
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While standing in the hot sun, someone feels light-headed then faints. Why?
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blood pooled in the lower limbs so venous return was decreased, which decreased cardiac output, so less blood to the brain caused light-headedness and fainting... the sun made the body lose more water and blood volume was decreased
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The blood vessels that play the most important role in the regulation of blood flow to a tissue and blood pressure are the
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arterioles
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Cardiovascular regulation is NOT regulated by
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conscious control
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Baroreceptors that function in the regulation of blood pressure are located in the
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carotid sinus, aortic sinus, right atrium wall
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The two-way exchange of substances between blood and body cells occurs only through
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capillaries
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The alteration of blood flow due to the action of precapillary sphincters is
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autoregulation
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Blood is transported through the venous system by means of
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muscular contractions and the respiratory pump
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The most important factor in vascular resistance is
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the diameter of blood vessel walls
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Which condition would have the greatest effect on peripheral resistance?
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doubling the diameter of the vessel
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Relate the anatomical differences between arteries and veins to their functions.
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Arteries-more muscular and elastic because they must resist and adjust to pressure from heart, folded endthelial lining because it can't contract
Veins- thinner walls, less elastic because they need to withstand less pressure |
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Why do capillaries permit the diffusion of materials whereas arteries and veins do not?
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thin walls-quick diffusion
small gaps or pores for molecules to go through artery and vein walls are thick and aren't specialized for diffusion |
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How is blood pressure maintained in veins to cope with the force of gravity?
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skeletal muscle movement squeezes the blood towards the heart, valves keep it from backflowing, respiratory pump increase thoracic pressure which pushes blood into the atrium
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Why would someone's blood pressure be higher if they were sitting in the sun (even though they were sweating and losing water)?
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1-loss of water increases viscosity
2-increased blood flow to skin for cooling increases cardiac output and BP 3-heat can cause sympathetic stimulation, increases HR and SV which increases CO and BP |
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Tom sits in a really hot whirlpool and gets faint and passes out. Why?
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to cool the body more blood was sent to the skin, the shift to superficial veins lowered venous return from the arms and legs, decreased CO and less o2 reached the brain
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Jolene was sleeping, jumped to her feet, felt light headed and fell to her bed. Why?
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gravity caused the venous return to decrease, resulting in decreased CO, less o2 to the brain, usually the baroreceptor reflex causes a response to compensate for decreased BP
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Why does blood pressure increase during exercise?
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BP increases despite the increased blood flow to tissues because
1-cardiac output increases 2-resistance in visceral tissues increases |
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How would applying a small pressure to the common carotid artery affect your heart rate?
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decrease pressure, the baroreceptor would send signal to the medulla oblongata, more sympathetic impulses would be sent, heart rate would increase
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What effect would the vasoconstriction of the renal artery have on blood pressure and blood volume?
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it would decrease BP and blood flow at the kidney, kidney would increase renin release, which would increase angiotensin II, which would increase BP and blood volume
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How do pressure and resistance affect cardiac output and peripheral blood flow?
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CO and blood flow are directly proportional to BP, resistance is inversely proportional to flow, resistance can be vascular, viscosity, or turbulence related
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Why is blood flow to the brain relatively continuous and constant?
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4 arteries take blood to the brain, one vessel interruption will not affect the others
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Compare the effects of the cardioacceleratory and cardioinhibitory centers on cardiac output and blood pressure.
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cardioacceleratory and vasomotor centers are stimulated w/ sympathetic activation, increase CO and BP, parasympathetic stimulates cardioinhibitory center, reducing CO
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