Biol 224 Exam 2-Immune System

Front 1

How would blockage of the thoracic duct affect the circulation of lymph?

Back 1

Thoracic duct empties lymph from the entire body except for the superior right side. Blockage would cause fluid build up in the limbs (lymphedema).

Front 2

If the thymus failed to produce thymic hormones, which population of lymphocytes would be affected?

Back 2

Thymic hormones help lymphoid stem cells turn into T lymphocytes.

Front 3

Why do lymph nodes enlarge during some infection?

Back 3

Phagocytes and lymphocytes gather in the node and divide to fight the infection. More cells enlarges the node.

Front 4

What types of cells would be affected by a decrease in the number of monocyte-forming cells in bone marrow?

Back 4

Macrophages, all types of these are made from monocytes

Front 5

What effects do pyrogens have in the body?

Back 5

stimulate temperature control area of the preoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus, increases body temp. (fever)

Front 6

Lymph from the right arm, the right half of the head, and the right chest is received by the

Back 6

right lymphatic duct

Front 7

Anatomically, lymph vessels resemble

Back 7

medium veins

Front 8

Red blood cells that are damaged or defective are removed from the bloodstream by the

Back 8

spleen

Front 9

Perforins are proteins associated with the activity of

Back 9

NK cells

Front 10

The most beneficial effect of fever is that it

Back 10

inhibits the spread of some bacteria and viruses AND increases the metabolic rate by up to 10 percent

Front 11

List the lymphoid tissues and organs of the body and their specific functions.

Back 11

1. Thymus-site for T lymphocyte production and immune system hormones
2. Lymph nodes-filter lymph, detect pathogens, initiate immune response
3. Spleen-filter blood, recycle RBCs, detect pathogens or toxins in blood
4. Tonsils, lymphatic nodules-trap microorganisms and detect infection in mucosal layers (entrance and passageways of digestive tract)
5. Lymphatics-lymph movement from interstitial spaces to venous system

Front 12

What are the 7 non-specific defenses present at birth?

Back 12

1-physical barriers
2-phagocytes
3-NK cell surveillance
4-inflammation
5-fever
6-complement system
7-interferons

Front 13

Why would removal of a breast cause major arm swelling?

Back 13

lymph nodes have been removed, vessels on that side are tied off, no place for the lymph to drain, lymphadema occurs (fluid build-up in tissues)

Front 14

Why would you take lymph node biopsies if lung cancer is diagnosed?

Back 14

the cancer may have spread through the lymphatic system (metastasis), checking nodes can help determine the stage of cancer

Front 15

How can the presence of an abnormal peptide in the cytoplasm of a cell initiate an immune response?

Back 15

the abnormal peptide can attach to MHC proteins and be displayed on the cell membrane surface, T cells would recognize the peptide and initiate the immune response

Front 16

A decrease in the number of cytotoxic T cells would affect which type of immunity?

Back 16

cell-mediated immunity, the ability to kill foreign cells and tissues and cells infected by viruses would decrease

Front 17

How would a lack of helper T cells affect the antibody-mediated immune response?

Back 17

helper T cells promote B cell division, maturation of plasma cells, and production of antibodies by plasma cells, without the T cells antibody-mediated immunity wouldn't work

Front 18

A sample of lymph contains an elevated number of plasma cells. Would you expect the number of antibodies in the blood to be increasing or decreasing? Why?

Back 18

increase because plasma cells produce and secrete antibodies

Front 19

The specificity of an antibody is determined by the

Back 19

variable region

Front 20

Complement activation does what?

Back 20

stimulates inflammation
attracts phagocytes
enhances phagocytosis

Front 21

CD4 markers are associated with

Back 21

helper T cells

Front 22

Compared with nonspecific defenses, specific defenses

Back 22

protect against threats on an individual basis

Front 23

Blocking the antigen receptors on the surface of lymphocytes would interfere with

Back 23

antigen recognition

Front 24

A decrease in which population of lymphocytes would impair all aspects of an immune response?

Back 24

helper T cells

Front 25

Skin tests are used to determine if a person

Back 25

has been exposed to a particular antigen

Front 26

Cytotoxic T cell function

Back 26

lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity

Front 27

Helper T cell function

Back 27

stimulate activation and function of T and B cells

Front 28

Suppressor T cell function

Back 28

inhibit activation and function of T and B cells

Front 29

plasma cell function

Back 29

produce and secrete antibodies

Front 30

NK cell function

Back 30

recognize and destroy abnormal cells

Front 31

stromal cell function

Back 31

produce interleukin-7, which promotes the differentiation of B cells

Front 32

reticular epithelial cell function

Back 32

maintain the blood-thymus barrier and secrete the thymic hormones that stimulate stem cell division and T cell differentiation

Front 33

interferon function

Back 33

interfere with viral replication inside the cell and stimulate the activities of macrophages and NK cells

Front 34

pyrogen function

Back 34

reset the body's thermostat, causing fever

Front 35

T cell function

Back 35

provide cell-mediated immunity, which defends against abnormal cells and pathogens inside cells

Front 36

B cell funcion

Back 36

provide humoral immunity, which defends against antigens and pathogens in the body (but not inside cells)

Front 37

interleukin function

Back 37

enhance nonspecific defenses and increase T cell sensitivity and stimulate B cell activity

Front 38

tumor necrosis factor function

Back 38

slow tumor growth and kill sensitive tumor cells

Front 39

colony-stimulating factor function

Back 39

stimulate the production of blood cells in the bone marrow and lymphocytes in lymphoid tissues and organs

Front 40

What are the 3 classes of lymphocytes and where do they originate?

Back 40

T cells- thymus
B cells-bone marrow
NK cells-bone marrow

Front 41

Compare complement and interferon effects

Back 41

complement-may rupture the cell membrane with perforin, kill the cell with lymphotoxin, or activate genes in the cell nucleus that kill it
interferon-interferes with viral replication inside of cell by triggering production of antiviral proteins

Front 42

How does a cytotoxic T cell destroy another cell displaying antigens bound to Class I MHC proteins?

Back 42

by rupturing the cell membrane, killing the cell with lymphotoxin secretions, or activating genes in the nucleus that program cell death

Front 43

How does the formation of an antigen-antibody complex cause the elimination of an antigen?

Back 43

neutralization, agglutination and precipitation, activation of complement, attraction of phagocytes, opsonization, stimulation of inflammation, or prevention of bacterial and viral adhesion

Front 44

Would the primary response or the secondary response be more affected by a lack of memory B cells for a particular antigen?

Back 44

secondary, this response depends on memory cells that are formed during the primary response, they aren't involved in the primary response

Front 45

Which kind of immunity protects a developing fetus, and how is that immunity produced?

Back 45

natural passive immunity, IgG antibodies cross the placenta from the mother's bloodstream

Front 46

How does increased stress decrease the effectiveness of the immune response?

Back 46

depresses immune response, reduces number and activity of phagocytes, inhibits interleukin secretion

Front 47

Give an example for each type of immunity:
innate immunity
naturally aquired immunity
induced active immunity
induced passive immunity
natural passive immunity

Back 47

innate-genetically programmed
naturally aquired-develops after birth due to contact with pathogens (chicken pox)
induced active-develops after purposed contact with antigen (vaccinations)
induced passive-temporary by injection with antibodies produced in another organism
natural passive-gained through acquiring antibodies from mom's milk or placental exchange

Front 48

Why would a series of injections be needed for hepatitis B vaccination?

Back 48

they are timed to trigger primary and secondary responses, primary doesn't maintain antibody levels for long, the 2nd and 3rd injections cause antibody concentrations to remain high longer

Front 49

How can you tell blood plasma from semen by testing antibodies?

Back 49

IgA antibodies are found in body secretions (saliva, tears, semen) but not in blood plasma, plasma contains IgM, IgG, IgD, and IgE antibodies

Front 50

High IgM levels but low IgG levels. Does this mean the person has contracted the disease?

Back 50

IgM is produced first, IgG comes in later and does most of the control, the person has been exposed but will only contract the disease if the immune response can't control and eliminate the virus

Front 51

Would a medicine that blocks certain antibodies help an allergy?

Back 51

IgE antibodies develop for a certain allergen, so a molecule that would bind to IgE and prevent the allergen from binding would help